中国当代儿科杂志  2019, Vol. 21 Issue (6): 547-551  DOI: 10.7499/j.issn.1008-8830.2019.06.009

引用本文  

孙东明, 丁艳, 张勇, 等. 不同亚型幼年特发性关节炎患儿血脂水平变化研究[J]. 中国当代儿科杂志, 2019, 21(6): 547-551.
SUN Dong-Ming, DING Yan, ZHNAG Yong, et al. Serum lipid profile in children with different subtypes of juvenile idiopathic arthritis[J]. Chinese Journal of Contemporary Pediatrics, 2019, 21(6): 547-551.

作者简介

孙东明, 男, 硕士, 副主任医师。Email:sdmsxyxy@163.com

文章历史

收稿日期:2018-11-15
接受日期:2019-04-29
不同亚型幼年特发性关节炎患儿血脂水平变化研究
孙东明1 , 丁艳2 , 张勇1 , 夏琨1     
1. 华中科技大学同济医学院附属武汉儿童医院/武汉市妇幼保健院 心血管内科, 湖北 武汉 430016;
2. 华中科技大学同济医学院附属武汉儿童医院/武汉市妇幼保健院 风湿免疫科, 湖北 武汉 430016
摘要目的 分析不同亚型幼年特发性关节炎(JIA)患儿活动期及缓解期血脂水平的变化,初步探讨JIA患儿远期发生动脉粥样硬化的风险。方法 将128例初诊为JIA活动期患儿根据亚型分为少关节型48例,多关节型38例,全身型22例,附着点型20例,其中38例多关节型JIA患儿又根据类风湿因子(RF)是否阳性分为RF阳性多关节型15例,RF阴性多关节型23例;同期另随机选取45例行健康体检儿童作为健康对照组。检测各组血清总胆固醇(TC)、甘油三酯(TG)、低密度脂蛋白胆固醇(LDL-C)、高密度脂蛋白胆固醇(HDL-C)等水平进行比较分析。对87例治疗后处于缓解期的患儿进行血脂指标的复查,并与活动期各血脂指标水平进行比较分析。结果 在JIA活动期,全身型、RF阳性多关节型组与健康对照组比较,HDL-C水平明显下降,TG水平明显升高(P < 0.05),而TC、LDL-C水平差异无统计学意义(P > 0.05);其他亚型各血脂指标水平与健康对照组比较差异均无统计学意义(P > 0.05)。RF阳性多关节型JIA患儿缓解期与活动期比较,血浆HDL-C明显升高(P < 0.05);其他亚型JIA患儿缓解期与活动期比较,血浆各血脂指标水平差异均无统计学意义(P > 0.05)。结论 全身型、RF阳性多关节型JIA活动期存在血脂代谢紊乱,RF阳性多关节型JIA缓解期血脂紊乱有所改善,其远期发生动脉粥样硬化的风险是否增大尚需进一步观察。
关键词幼年特发性关节炎    血脂    动脉粥样硬化    儿童    
Serum lipid profile in children with different subtypes of juvenile idiopathic arthritis
SUN Dong-Ming , DING Yan , ZHNAG Yong , XIA Kun     
Department of Cardiology, Wuhan Children's Hospital/Wuhan Maternal and Child Healthcare Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science & Technology, Wuhan 430016, China
Abstract: Objective To study the serum lipid profile in children with different subtypes of juvenile idiopathic arthritis (JIA) during active and remission stages, as well as the long-term risk of atherosclerosis in children with JIA.Methods A total of 128 children newly diagnosed with active JIA were divided into oligoarticular JIA group with 48 children, polyarticular JIA group with 38 children, systemic JIA group with 22 children, and enthesitis-related JIA group with 20 children. According to the presence or absence of rheumatoid factor (RF), the polyarticular JIA group was further divided into RF-positive polyarticular JIA group with 15 children and RF-negative polyarticular JIA group with 23 children. A total of 45 children who underwent physical examination were randomly selected as healthy control group. The serum levels of total cholesterol (TC), triglyceride (TG), low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C), and high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) were measured and compared between groups. Blood lipid parameters were reexamined for 87 children in the remission stage after treatment and were compared with those in the active stage.Results Compared with the healthy control group, the systemic JIA group and the RF-positive polyarticular JIA group had a significant reduction in HDL-C and a significant increase in TG (P < 0.05) in the active stage, while there were no significant differences in TC and LDL-C (P > 0.05). There were no significant differences in blood lipid parameters between the other subtype JIA groups and the healthy control group (P > 0.05). The RF-positive polyarticular JIA group had a significant increase in plasma HDL-C from the active stage to the remission stage (P < 0.05), while the other subtype JIA groups had no significant changes in blood lipid parameters (P > 0.05).Conclusions Dyslipidemia may be observed in the active stage of children with systemic and RF-positive polyarticular JIA, with improvement in the remission stage of children with RF-positive polyarticular JIA. Further studies are needed to observe the long-term risk of atherosclerosis.
Key words: Juvenile idiopathic arthritis    Blood lipid    Atherosclerosis    Child    

幼年特发性关节炎(juvenile idiopathic arthritis, JIA)是儿童期最常见的慢性关节炎,其某些亚型与成人期类风湿性关节炎(rheumatoid arthritis, RA)在遗传背景与临床表现上存在一定相似性[1-3]。目前研究证实,RA患者存在血脂代谢紊乱,易发生动脉粥样硬化,心血管事件发生风险较普通人群增加[4]。迄今为止,儿童期JIA是否亦存在血脂代谢紊乱,国内未见相关报道,国外报道很少且结果存在差异[5-6]。本研究观察了JIA患儿各亚型活动期和缓解期血脂水平的变化,以期为各亚型JIA患儿远期发生动脉粥样硬化的风险提供初步依据。

1 资料与方法 1.1 研究对象

选取2014年6月至2017年6月在武汉儿童医院住院的初诊为JIA活动期患儿128例为研究对象,男77例,女51例;年龄1.2~14.7岁,中位年龄7.5岁;病程0.5~38.5个月,中位病程5.3个月。JIA患儿的诊断及分型标准均符合国际抗风湿病联盟(ILAR)2001年修订的标准[7],其中少关节型48例,多关节型38例,全身型22例,附着点型20例;多关节型患儿又根据类风湿因子(rheumatoid factor, RF)是否阳性分为RF阳性型15例及RF阴性型23例。随机选取同期行健康体检儿童45例作为健康对照组,男27例,女18例,年龄1.4~15.2岁,中位年龄7.3岁;两组儿童性别及年龄比较,差异均无统计学意义(P > 0.05)。所有研究对象均除外可能引起继发性血脂异常的疾病,如肝肾疾病、其他自身免疫性疾病、代谢性疾病等。

1.2 研究方法

检测128例JIA患儿初诊活动期血脂指标,包括血清总胆固醇(total cholesterol, TC)、甘油三酯(triglyceride, TG)、低密度脂蛋白胆固醇(low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, LDL-C)、高密度脂蛋白胆固醇(high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, HDL-C)。87例JIA患儿经过治疗后处于病情稳定期,进行血脂指标复查。治疗疗程6.3~16.5个月,平均治疗疗程10.3±3.7个月。治疗药物包括非甾体抗炎药、抗风湿药如甲氨蝶呤等,多关节型应用了肿瘤坏死因子α(TNF-α)拮抗剂依那西普,全身型应用了肾上腺皮质激素、IL-6受体拮抗剂托珠单抗等。判定疾病处于缓解期标准:各关节无活动性炎症;无发热、皮疹、浆膜炎等全身症状;无活动性眼病;血沉、C反应蛋白处于正常范围;医师评估认为病情稳定[8]

1.3 统计学分析

采用SPSS 19.0统计软件对数据进行统计学分析。正态分布计量资料以均数±标准差(x±s)表示,多组间比较采用单因素方差分析,组间两两比较采用SNK-q检验;治疗前后比较采用配对t检验。P < 0.05为差异有统计学意义。

2 结果 2.1 各亚型JIA患儿活动期血脂水平变化情况

全身型组、RF阳性多关节型组与健康对照组比较,血清TG水平均明显升高,HDL-C水平均明显下降(P < 0.05),而TC、LDL-C水平差异无统计学意义(P > 0.05)。RF阴性多关节型组、少关节型组、附着点型组各血脂水平与健康对照组比较差异均无统计学意义(P > 0.05)。见表 1

表 1 各亚型JIA患儿活动期与健康对照组血脂水平比较
2.2 各亚型JIA患儿缓解期血脂水平变化情况

RF阳性多关节型JIA患儿缓解期与活动期比较,血浆HDL-C水平明显升高(P < 0.05),血浆TC、TG、LDL-C水平差异均无统计学意义(P > 0.05)。全身型、RF阴性多关节型、少关节型、附着点型JIA患儿缓解期与活动期比较,血浆TC、TG、HDL-C、LDL-C水平差异均无统计学意义(P > 0.05)。见表 2

表 2 各亚型JIA患儿缓解期与活动期血脂水平比较
3 讨论

2006年,美国心脏协会(AHA)发表指南,将慢性炎症性疾病列为中等风险的心血管病危险因素[9]。RA是成人常见的慢性关节炎,其已被确定为一种独立的心血管病危险因素,欧洲抗风湿病联盟建议至少每5年进行一次心血管病风险评估[10]。JIA是儿童期最常见的慢性关节炎,起始于儿童的JIA,是否亦是心血管病的危险因素,受到越来越多的关注。

慢性炎症性疾病成为心血管病的危险因素,主要原因是炎症本身对血管的损伤作用,此外,一些传统的心血管危险因素如血脂代谢紊乱等叠加作用,亦可能促进了动脉粥样硬化的发生与发展。据Batún Garrido等[11]及Erum等[12]报道,约50%RA患者存在血脂异常,其中最常见的是HDL-C水平降低,而HDL-C具有抗动脉粥样硬化的作用,被认为是冠心病的保护因子。关于JIA患儿血脂代谢紊乱的研究较少,且结果存在差异。Bohr等[5]报道,JIA患儿无明显血脂代谢紊乱,但未根据亚型进行分析。Marangoni等[6]研究显示,多关节型JIA患儿血浆TC、TG和LDL-C水平升高,HDL-C水平下降。本研究发现,在JIA活动期,全身型及RF阳性多关节型患儿血清HDL-C水平明显下降,TG水平明显升高,而RF阴性多关节型、少关节型、附着点型患儿均无明显血脂紊乱。JIA是一组异质性较强的疾病,各亚型发生机制和临床表现存在差异。与其他JIA亚型相比,全身型JIA有着独特的免疫异常,主要表现为吞噬细胞活化失控,产生大量的炎性因子引起多系统炎性反应[13],而近年研究显示血脂紊乱与炎症反应密切相关:炎性因子和C反应蛋白明显升高,可抑制HDL的产生,促进TG的生成;炎性因子可降低脂蛋白脂酶活性,导致高TG血症;炎症反应诱导髓过氧化物酶浓度升高,使apoAI和HDL-C水平降低,HDL功能紊乱[14-15]。本研究显示,RF阳性多关节型JIA比RF阴性多关节型JIA更易发生血脂异常,而Batún Garrido等[11]等报道,在RA患者中血脂异常者RF阳性率更高。RF是一种自身抗体,RF阳性患者免疫性炎症反应通常较阴性者更为严重,而异常炎症反应可能诱发了血脂代谢紊乱。

成人RA患者血脂异常最常见的是HDL水平降低,本研究发现,RF阳性多关节型组血脂异常亦主要表现为HDL-C水平明显下降。Hinks等[1]研究显示,RF阳性多关节型JIA表型上与成人血清阳性RA相似,在遗传上也更类似于成人RA,而RF阴性多关节型与少关节型在遗传上相似程度更近。

本研究发现,RF阳性多关节型JIA患儿活动期HDL水平下降,缓解期较活动期升高,差异有统计学意义。全身型JIA患儿活动期TG水平升高,HDL水平下降,缓解期TG水平较前下降,HDL水平较前升高,但差异无统计学意义。JIA患儿分型复杂,治疗药物种类繁多,常用药物包括糖皮质激素、抗风湿药、非甾体抗炎药、生物制剂等。全身型JIA使用糖皮质激素是不可避免的,Schroeder等[16]报道,RA应用小剂量糖皮质激素治疗后HDL增加,而其他血脂水平无变化,考虑不同剂量的激素对血脂水平的影响存在差异。甲氨蝶呤等缓解病情的抗风湿药是各亚型JIA患儿治疗一线用药,Filippatos等[17]研究发现,RA患者接受甲氨蝶呤和泼尼松治疗1年后,TC、LDL-C和TG水平并无显著变化,但对甲氨蝶呤反应良好的患者HDL-C明显升高。近年来,TNF-α拮抗剂等生物制剂广泛应用于多关节型JIA的治疗。据Yeh等[18]报道,JIA患儿经TNF-α拮抗剂依那西普治疗后,HDL-C、LDL-C、TC显著升高,TG和动脉粥样硬化指数(TC/HDL-C)显著降低。TNF-α拮抗剂等生物制剂及甲氨蝶呤可降低炎症性关节炎患者心血管事件的发生风险,可能主要是因为其抑制炎症的过程具有潜在改善脂质代谢的作用[19-20]

JIA是一组异质性较强的疾病,各亚型发生机制可能存在差异,临床特征及预后亦不尽相同。本研究显示,全身型及RF阳性多关节型JIA相较于其他亚型JIA,更易出现血脂代谢紊乱,其远期发生动脉粥样硬化的风险可能较其他亚型增大。而TNF-α拮抗剂及甲氨蝶呤等通过抑制JIA炎症反应、改善血脂代谢紊乱,有可能拮抗这一过程。迄今为止,JIA各亚型远期心血管事件发生风险是否增加,尚无定论,需多中心、大样本的研究及长期随访观察进一步明确。

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