目的 分析2004~2018年我国流行性腮腺炎（简称流腮）的流行病学特征，为确定流腮防控重点人群提供数据支持。方法 通过国家人口与健康科学数据共享服务平台和国家卫生健康委员会疾病预防控制局报告的2004~2018年全国流腮报告发病数据，采用描述性流行病学方法，分析流腮的发病特征。结果 2004~2018年全国共报告流腮4 272 368例，年平均报告发病率为21.44/10万。2008年起单剂含腮腺炎成份的疫苗加入国家计划免疫，但各年发病率范围仍在12.84/10万~35.59/10万之间。北京、天津和上海实施第2剂麻疹-腮腺炎-风疹联合减毒活疫苗（MMR）常规免疫后，三地区的流腮报告发病率均降至10/10万左右。2004~2016年间3~14岁人群流腮发病占比81.16%。2004~2013各年份多以6岁儿童流腮发病率最高。结论 单剂含有腮腺炎成份的疫苗接种对流腮发病率无明显影响。从各年龄组流腮发病率看，6岁儿童最高。建议在学龄前儿童开展第2剂次含腮腺炎成分疫苗接种。

Objective To investigate the epidemiological characteristics of mumps in mainland China from 2004 to 2018, and to provide data for the key population for prevention and control of mumps. Methods The epidemiological characteristics of mumps were analyzed with reference to the data of the cases of mumps reported in the National Scientific Data Sharing Platform for Population and Health and Disease Prevention and Control Bureau of National Health Commission of the People's Republic of China. Descriptive epidemiology was used to analyze the epidemiological characteristics of mumps. Results A total of 4 272 368 cases of mumps were reported in China during 2004-2018, with an average annual reported incidence rate of 21.44/100 000. A single dose of mumps-containing vaccine was added to the national Expanded Program of Immunization in 2008, but the annual incidence rate ranged from 12.84/100 000 to 35.59/100 000. The second dose of measles, mumps and rubella combined attenuated live vaccine was included in the routine immunization in Beijing, Tianjin and Shanghai, and then the average incidence rate of mumps reported in these three regions dropped to about 10/100 000. From 2004 to 2016, the population aged 3-14 years accounted for 81.16% of all patients with mumps. The children aged 6 years had the highest incidence rate of mumps during 2004-2013. Conclusions A single dose of mumps-containing vaccine has no obvious effect on the incidence rate of mumps. Children aged 6 years have the highest incidence rate of mumps. A booster dose of mumps-containing vaccine should be given to preschool children.