Objective To study the association between serum-specific immunoglobulin E (sIgE) allergens and asthma in children. Methods The serum sIgE allergens were determined using Western blot in 2 239 children aged 1-14 years, consisting of 1 415 children with asthma alone and 824 children with non-allergic diseases between December 2004 and April 2013. The case-control models of asthma alone and non-allergic diseases were established. The association between allergens and asthma was investigated using multivariate logistic regression analysis. Results In the 2 239 children, 1 028 children (45.91%) were serum sIgE-positive, and the allergen with the highest positive rate was house-dust mite (15.68%), followed by house dust (14.29%) and moulds (13.40%). The results of the case-control analysis showed that house-dust mite, moulds, house dust, and cashew nut/peanut/soybean were significantly associated with the development of asthma. House dust was associated with the development of asthma in the 1-2 years old group (P< 0.05). House dust and house-dust mite as allergens were identified as the risk factors for the development of asthma in the 3-14 years old group (P< 0.05). In the 6-14 years old group, moulds as allergens were identified as the risk factors for the development of asthma (P< 0.05). House dust and house-dust mite as allergens increased the risk of asthma in boys and girls, while moulds and cashew nuts/peanuts/soybeans as allergens increased the risk of asthma in boys. Conclusions House-dust mite, house dust, and moulds are the most common allergens in children with asthma, and they are closely associated with the development of asthma.