Abstract Intrauterine growth restriction (IUGR) is caused by many factors, and most newborns with IUGR are small for gestational age (SGA). SGA infants have a relatively high risk of death and disease in the perinatal period, and the nervous system already has structural changes in the uterus, including the reduction of brain volume and gray matter volume, accompanied by abnormal imaging and pathological changes. IUGR fetuses undergo intrauterine blood flow redistribution to protect brain blood supply, and there are still controversies over the clinical effect of brain protection mechanism. SGA infants have a relatively high risk of abnormal cognitive, motor, language, and behavioral functions in the neonatal period and childhood, and preterm infants tend to have a higher degree of neurological impairment than full-term infants. Early intervention may help to improve the function of the nervous system. Citation:
ZHANG Yi-Jia. Recent research on the influence of intrauterine growth restriction on the structure and function of the nervous system[J]. CJCP, 2021, 23(11): 1184-1189.
ZHANG Yi-Jia. Recent research on the influence of intrauterine growth restriction on the structure and function of the nervous system[J]. CJCP, 2021, 23(11): 1184-1189.
American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists' Committee on Practice Bulletins—Obstetrics and the Society for Maternal-Fetal Medicin. ACOG practice bulletin No. 204: fetal growth restriction[J]. Obstet Gynecol, 2019, 133(2): e97-e109. PMID: 30681542. DOI: 10.1097/AOG.0000000000003070.
Lee AC, Kozuki N, Cousens S, et al. Estimates of burden and consequences of infants born small for gestational age in low and middle income countries with INTERGROWTH-21st standard: analysis of CHERG datasets[J]. BMJ, 2017, 358: j3677. PMID: 28819030. PMCID: PMC5558898. DOI: 10.1136/bmj.j3677.
Leite DFB, Cecatti JG. New approaches to fetal growth restriction: the time for metabolomics has come[J]. Rev Bras Ginecol Obstet, 2019, 41(7): 454-462. PMID: 31250420. DOI: 10.1055/s-0039-1692126.
Pels A, Beune IM, van Wassenaer-Leemhuis AG, et al. Early-onset fetal growth restriction: a systematic review on mortality and morbidity[J]. Acta Obstet Gynecol Scand, 2020, 99(2): 153-166. PMID: 31376293. PMCID: PMC7004054. DOI: 10.1111/aogs.13702.
Aviram A, Sherman C, Kingdom J, et al. Defining early vs late fetal growth restriction by placental pathology[J]. Acta Obstet Gynecol Scand, 2019, 98(3): 365-373. PMID: 30372519. DOI: 10.1111/aogs.13499.
Borrell A, Grande M, Pauta M, et al. Chromosomal microarray analysis in fetuses with growth restriction and normal karyotype: a systematic review and meta-analysis[J]. Fetal Diagn Ther, 2018, 44(1): 1-9. PMID: 28889126. DOI: 10.1159/000479506.
Ding YX, Cui H. The brain development of infants with intrauterine growth restriction: role of glucocorticoids[J]. Horm Mol Biol Clin Investig, 2019, 39(1): 20190016. PMID: 31348758. DOI: 10.1515/hmbci-2019-0016.
Gluck O, Schreiber L, Marciano A, et al. Pregnancy outcome and placental pathology in small for gestational age neonates in relation to the severity of their growth restriction[J]. J Matern Fetal Neonatal Med, 2019, 32(9): 1468-1473. PMID: 29157050. DOI: 10.1080/14767058.2017.1408070.
Businelli C, de Wit C, Visser GHA, et al. Ultrasound evaluation of cortical brain development in fetuses with intrauterine growth restriction[J]. J Matern Fetal Neonatal Med, 2015, 28(11): 1302-1307. PMID: 25109356. DOI: 10.3109/14767058.2014.953474.
Gilchrist C, Cumberland A, Walker D, et al. Intrauterine growth restriction and development of the hippocampus: implications for learning and memory in children and adolescents[J]. Lancet Child Adolesc Health, 2018, 2(10): 755-764. PMID: 30236384. DOI: 10.1016/S2352-4642(18)30245-1.
Samuelsen GB, Pakkenberg B, Bogdanovi? N, et al. Severe cell reduction in the future brain cortex in human growth-restricted fetuses and infants[J]. Am J Obstet Gynecol, 2007, 197(1): 56.e1-e7. PMID: 17618757. DOI: 10.1016/j.ajog.2007.02.011.
Hernandez-Andrade E, Serralde JAB, Cruz-Martinez R. Can anomalies of fetal brain circulation be useful in the management of growth restricted fetuses?[J]. Prenat Diagn, 2012, 32(2): 103-112. PMID: 22418951. DOI: 10.1002/pd.2913.
Rossi A, Romanello I, Forzano L, et al. Evaluation of fetal cerebral blood flow perfusion using power Doppler ultrasound angiography (3D-PDA) in growth-restricted fetuses[J]. Facts Views Vis Obgyn, 2011, 3(3): 175-180. PMID: 24753863. PMCID: PMC3991450.
Irmak K, Tüten N, Karaoglu G, et al. Evaluation of cord blood creatine kinase (CK), cardiac troponin T (cTnT), N-terminal-pro-B-type natriuretic peptide (NT-proBNP), and s100B levels in nonreassuring foetal heart rate[J]. J Matern Fetal Neonatal Med, 2021, 34(8): 1249-1254. PMID: 31195859. DOI: 10.1080/14767058.2019.1632285.
25 Yue SL, Eke AC, Vaidya D, et al. Perinatal blood biomarkers for the identification of brain injury in very low birth weight growth-restricted infants[J]. J Perinatol, 2021. PMID: 34083761. DOI: 10.1038/s41372-021-01112-8. Epub ahead of print.
Ghaly A, Maki Y, Nygard K, et al. Maternal nutrient restriction in guinea pigs leads to fetal growth restriction with increased brain apoptosis[J]. Pediatr Res, 2019, 85(1): 105-112. PMID: 30420709. DOI: 10.1038/s41390-018-0230-6.
Gilchrist CP, Cumberland AL, Kondos-Devcic D, et al. Hippocampal neurogenesis and memory in adolescence following intrauterine growth restriction[J]. Hippocampus, 2021, 31(3): 321-334. PMID: 33320965. DOI: 10.1002/hipo.23291.
Tolcos M, McDougall A, Shields A, et al. Intrauterine growth restriction affects cerebellar granule cells in the developing guinea pig brain[J]. Dev Neurosci, 2018, 40(2): 162-174. PMID: 29763885. DOI: 10.1159/000487797.
Miller SL, Yawno T, Alers NO, et al. Antenatal antioxidant treatment with melatonin to decrease newborn neurodevelopmental deficits and brain injury caused by fetal growth restriction[J]. J Pineal Res, 2014, 56(3): 283-294. PMID: 24456220. DOI: 10.1111/jpi.12121.
Basilious A, Yager J, Fehlings MG. Neurological outcomes of animal models of uterine artery ligation and relevance to human intrauterine growth restriction: a systematic review[J]. Dev Med Child Neurol, 2015, 57(5): 420-430. PMID: 25330710. PMCID: PMC4406147. DOI: 10.1111/dmcn.12599.
31 Kirlangic MM, Sahin E, Madendag Y, et al. The role of the brain-sparing effect of growth-restricted fetuses in newborn germinal matrix/intraventricular hemorrhage[J]. J Perinat Med, 2021. PMID: 34284527. DOI: 10.1515/jpm-2021-0142. Epub ahead of print.
Malhotra A, Yahya Z, Sasi A, et al. Does fetal growth restriction lead to increased brain injury as detected by neonatal cranial ultrasound in premature infants?[J]. J Paediatr Child Health, 2015, 51(11): 1103-1108. PMID: 25939374. DOI: 10.1111/jpc.12910.
H?rkin P, Marttila R, Pokka T, et al. Survival analysis of a cohort of extremely preterm infants born in Finland during 2005-2013[J]. J Matern Fetal Neonatal Med, 2021, 34(15): 2506-2512. PMID: 31522587. DOI: 10.1080/14767058.2019.1668925.
Stampalija T, Thornton J, Marlow N, et al. Fetal cerebral Doppler changes and outcome in late preterm fetal growth restriction: prospective cohort study[J]. Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol, 2020, 56(2): 173-181. PMID: 32557921. DOI: 10.1002/uog.22125.
Cahill LS, Stortz G, Ravi Chandran A, et al. Determination of fetal heart rate short-term variation from umbilical artery Doppler waveforms[J]. Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol, 2021, 57(1): 70-74. PMID: 33030756. PMCID: PMC7779755. DOI: 10.1002/uog.23145.
Blair EM, Nelson KB. Fetal growth restriction and risk of cerebral palsy in singletons born after at least 35 weeks' gestation[J]. Am J Obstet Gynecol, 2015, 212(4): 520.e1-520.e7. PMID: 25448521. DOI: 10.1016/j.ajog.2014.10.1103.
Vollgraff Heidweiller-Schreurs CA, De Boer MA, Heymans MW, et al. Prognostic accuracy of cerebroplacental ratio and middle cerebral artery Doppler for adverse perinatal outcome: systematic review and meta-analysis[J]. Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol, 2018, 51(3): 313-322. PMID: 28708272. PMCID: PMC5873403. DOI: 10.1002/uog.18809.
Bellido-González M, Díaz-López Má, López-Criado S, et al. Cognitive functioning and academic achievement in children aged 6-8 years, born at term after intrauterine growth restriction and fetal cerebral redistribution[J]. J Pediatr Psychol, 2017, 42(3): 345-354. PMID: 27342302. DOI: 10.1093/jpepsy/jsw060.
Benavente-Fernández I, Lubián-López SP, Zafra-Rodríguez P, et al. Amplitude-integrated EEG and brain sparing in preterm small-for-gestational-age infants[J]. J Clin Neurophysiol, 2017, 34(5): 456-460. PMID: 28873072. DOI: 10.1097/WNP.0000000000000399.
Sacchi C, Marino C, Nosarti C, et al. Association of intrauterine growth restriction and small for gestational age status with childhood cognitive outcomes: a systematic review and meta-analysis[J]. JAMA Pediatr, 2020, 174(8): 772-781. PMID: 32453414. PMCID: PMC7251506. DOI: 10.1001/jamapediatrics.2020.1097.
Murray E, Fernandes M, Fazel M, et al. Differential effect of intrauterine growth restriction on childhood neurodevelopment: a systematic review[J]. BJOG, 2015, 122(8): 1062-1072. PMID: 25990812. DOI: 10.1111/1471-0528.13435.
Ballot DE, Ramdin T, Rakotsoane D, et al. Assessment of developmental outcome in very low birth weight infants in Southern Africa using the Bayley Scales of Infant Development (III)[J]. BMJ Paediatr Open, 2017, 1(1): e000091. PMID: 29637126. PMCID: PMC5862217. DOI: 10.1136/bmjpo-2017-000091.