Evidence-based guidelines for the diagnosis and treatment of Kawasaki disease in children in China (2023)

doi:10.7499/j.issn.1008-8830.2309038

PDF(823 KB)

Chinese Journal of Contemporary Pediatrics ›› 2023, Vol. 25 ›› Issue (12) : 1198-1210. DOI: 10.7499/j.issn.1008-8830.2309038

STANDARD·PROTOCOL·GUIDELINE

Evidence-based guidelines for the diagnosis and treatment of Kawasaki disease in children in China (2023)

Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Kawasaki Disease/Children's Hospital of Shaanxi Provincial People's Hospital, National Children's Medical Center/Beijing Children's Hospital, Capital Medical University, Children's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, National Regional Medical Center/Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, National Clinical Key Specialty/Department of Intensive Care Medicine, Shanghai Children's Hospital, General Pediatric Group of Pediatrician Branch of Chinese Medical Doctor Association, Expert Committee of Advanced Training for Pediatrician, China Maternal and Children's Health Association, National Health Commission Key Laboratory for Tropical Disease Prevention and Control, Yan'an University Affiliated Hospital, Editorial Department of Chinese Journal of Contemporary Pediatrics

Author information +

History +

Abstract

Kawasaki disease (KD) is an acute self-limiting vasculitis, and it is the most common cause of acquired heart disease in children under 5 years old. One of the improvement goals in pediatric quality control work for the year 2023, as announced by the National Health Commission, is to reduce the incidence of cardiac events and KD-related mortality in children with KD. In order to standardize the diagnosis, treatment, and long-term management practices of KD in China, and effectively prevent and reduce the incidence of coronary artery lesions and long-term adverse effects, the guideline working group followed the principles and methods outlined by the World Health Organization and referenced existing evidence and experiences to develop the "Evidence-based guidelines for the diagnosis and treatment of Kawasaki disease in children in China (2023)". The guidelines address the clinical questions regarding the classification and definition of KD, diagnosis of different types of KD, treatment during the acute phase of KD, application of echocardiography in identifying complications of KD, and management of KD combined with macrophage activation syndrome. Based on the best evidence and expert consensus, 20 recommendations were formulated, aiming to provide guidance and decision-making basis for healthcare professionals in the diagnosis and treatment of KD in children.

Key words

Kawasaki disease / Clinical practice guideline / Diagnosis, Treatment / Child

Cite this article

EndNote

Ris (Procite)

Bibtex

Download Citations

Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Kawasaki Disease/Children's Hospital of Shaanxi Provincial People's Hospital, National Children's Medical Center/Beijing Children's Hospital, Capital Medical University, Children's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, National Regional Medical Center/Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, National Clinical Key Specialty/Department of Intensive Care Medicine, Shanghai Children's Hospital, General Pediatric Group of Pediatrician Branch of Chinese Medical Doctor Association, Expert Committee of Advanced Training for Pediatrician, China Maternal and Children's Health Association, National Health Commission Key Laboratory for Tropical Disease Prevention and Control, Yan'an University Affiliated Hospital, Editorial Department of Chinese Journal of Contemporary Pediatrics. Evidence-based guidelines for the diagnosis and treatment of Kawasaki disease in children in China (2023)[J]. Chinese Journal of Contemporary Pediatrics. 2023, 25(12): 1198-1210 https://doi.org/10.7499/j.issn.1008-8830.2309038

References

1 Kawasaki T. Acute febrile mucocutaneous syndrome with lymphoid involvement with specific desquamation of the fingers and toes in children[J]. Arerugi, 1967, 16(3): 178-222. PMID: 6062087.
2 张清友, 杜军保. 川崎病诊断中的若干问题[J]. 中华实用儿科临床杂志, 2020, 35(13): 961-964. DOI: 10.3760/cma.j.cn101070-20200706-01134.
3 张新艳, 杨婷婷, 何婷, 等. 2012至2016年单中心川崎病流行病学及临床特征研究[J]. 中国循证儿科杂志, 2018, 13(6): 427-433. DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1673-5501.2018.06.006.
4 Nomura Y, Yashiro M, Masuda K, et al. Treatment change and coronary artery abnormality in incomplete Kawasaki disease[J]. Pediatr Int, 2020, 62(7): 779-784. PMID: 32219919. DOI: 10.1111/ped.14242.
5 中华人民共和国国家卫生健康委员会医政司. 国家卫生健康委办公厅关于印发2023年国家医疗质量安全改进目标的通知: 国卫办医政函〔2023〕45号[EB/OL]. (2023-02-28)[2023-07-15]. http://www.nhc.gov.cn/yzygj/s7657/202302/a61fc382f3b64c7e99dafbf8cf4da8a1.shtml.
6 陕西省川崎病诊疗中心, 陕西省儿童内科疾病临床医学研究中心, 陕西省人民医院儿童病院, 等. 静脉输注免疫球蛋白在儿童川崎病中应用的专家共识[J]. 中国当代儿科杂志, 2021, 23(9): 867-876. PMID: 34535199. PMCID: PMC8480171. DOI: 10.7499/j.issn.1008-8830.2107110.
7 陕西省川崎病诊疗中心/陕西省人民医院儿童病院, 上海交通大学附属儿童医院, 首都医科大学附属北京儿童医院, 等. 阿司匹林在川崎病治疗中的儿科专家共识[J]. 中国当代儿科杂志, 2022, 24(6): 597-603. PMID: 35652428. PMCID: PMC9250407. DOI: 10.7499/j.issn.1008-8830.2203190.
8 陕西省川崎病诊疗中心/陕西省人民医院儿童病院, 首都医科大学附属北京儿童医院, 上海儿童医学中心, 等. 糖皮质激素在川崎病治疗中的儿科专家共识[J]. 中国当代儿科杂志, 2022, 24(3): 225-231. PMID: 35351250. PMCID: PMC8974659. DOI: 10.7499/j.issn.1008-8830.2112033.
9 Norris SL, Aung MT, Chartres N, et al. Evidence-to-decision frameworks: a review and analysis to inform decision-making for environmental health interventions[J]. Environ Health, 2021, 20(1): 124. PMID: 34876125. PMCID: PMC8653547. DOI: 10.1186/s12940-021-00794-z.
10 Chen Y, Yang K, Maru?ic A, et al. A reporting tool for practice guidelines in health care: the RIGHT statement[J]. Ann Intern Med, 2017, 166(2): 128-132. PMID: 27893062. DOI: 10.7326/M16-1565.
11 Institute of Medicine (U.S.). Committee on Standards for Developing Trustworthy Clinical Practice Guidelines. Clinical Practice Guidelines We Can Trust[M]. Washington, DC, USA: National Academies Press, 2011.
12 王云云, 邓通, 黄桥, 等. 临床实践指南制订方法: GRADE在诊断试验系统评价中的应用[J]. 中国循证心血管医学杂志, 2019, 11(3): 275-279. DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1674-4055.2019.03.03.
13 邓通, 汪洋, 王云云, 等. 临床实践指南制订方法: GRADE在观察性系统评价中的应用[J]. 中国循证心血管医学杂志, 2019, 11(2): 129-133. DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1674-4055.2019.02.01.
14 Lewin S, Glenton C, Munthe-Kaas H, et al. Using qualitative evidence in decision making for health and social interventions: an approach to assess confidence in findings from qualitative evidence syntheses (GRADE-CERQual)[J]. PLoS Med, 2015, 12(10): e1001895. PMID: 26506244. PMCID: PMC4624425. DOI: 10.1371/journal.pmed.1001895.
15 拜争刚, 刘少堃, 黄崇斐, 等. 定性系统评价证据分级工具: CERQual简介[J]. 中国循证医学杂志, 2015, 15(12): 1465-1470. DOI: 10.7507/1672-2531.20150238.
16 Le CY, Truong LK, Holt CJ, et al. Searching for the holy grail: a systematic review of health-related quality of life measures for active youth[J]. J Orthop Sports Phys Ther, 2021, 51(10): 478-491. PMID: 34592831. DOI: 10.2519/jospt.2021.10412.
17 黄笛, 黄瑞秀, 郭晨煜, 等. 临床实践指南制定方法: 证据分级与推荐强度[J]. 中国循证心血管医学杂志, 2018, 10(7): 769-776. DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1674-4055.2018.07.01.
18 BalshemH, HelfandM, SchunemannHJ, et al. GRADE指南: Ⅲ. 证据质量分级[J]. 中国循证医学杂志, 2011, 11(4): 451-455. DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1672-2531.2011.04.017.
19 Guyatt GH, Alonso-Coello P, Schünemann HJ, et al. Guideline panels should seldom make good practice statements: guidance from the GRADE working group[J]. J Clin Epidemiol, 2016, 80: 3-7. PMID: 27452192. DOI: 10.1016/j.jclinepi.2016.07.006.
20 McCrindle BW, Rowley AH, Newburger JW, et al. Diagnosis, treatment, and long-term management of Kawasaki disease: a scientific statement for health professionals from the American Heart Association[J]. Circulation, 2017, 135(17): e927-e999. PMID: 28356445. DOI: 10.1161/CIR.0000000000000484.
21 Kobayashi T, Ayusawa M, Suzuki H, et al. Revision of diagnostic guidelines for Kawasaki disease (6th revised edition)[J]. Pediatr Int, 2020, 62(10): 1135-1138. PMID: 33001522. DOI: 10.1111/ped.14326.
22 Marchesi A, Rigante D, Cimaz R, et al. Revised recommendations of the Italian Society of Pediatrics about the general management of Kawasaki disease[J]. Ital J Pediatr, 2021, 47(1): 16. PMID: 33494789. PMCID: PMC7830049. DOI: 10.1186/s13052-021-00962-4.
23 de Graeff N, Groot N, Ozen S, et al. European consensus-based recommendations for the diagnosis and treatment of Kawasaki disease: the SHARE initiative[J]. Rheumatology (Oxford), 2019, 58(4): 672-682. PMID: 30535127. DOI: 10.1093/rheumatology/key344.
24 Gorelik M, Chung SA, Ardalan K, et al. 2021 American College of Rheumatology/Vasculitis Foundation guideline for the management of Kawasaki disease[J]. Arthritis Care Res (Hoboken), 2022, 74(4): 586-596. PMID: 35257501. DOI: 10.1002/art.42041.
25 《中华儿科杂志》编辑委员会, 中华医学会儿科学分会心血管学组, 中华医学会儿科学分会免疫学组. 川崎病专题讨论会纪要[J]. 中华儿科杂志, 2007, 45(11): 826-830. PMID: 18282413. DOI: 10.3760/j.issn:0578-1310.2007.11.007.
26 焦富勇, 穆志龙, 杜忠东, 等. 儿童不完全性川崎病的诊治[J]. 中国当代儿科杂志, 2023, 25(3): 238-243. PMID: 36946156. PMCID: PMC10032064. DOI: 10.7499/j.issn.1008-8830.2209127.
27 Phuong LK, Bonetto C, Buttery J, et al. Kawasaki disease and immunisation: standardised case definition & guidelines for data collection, analysis[J]. Vaccine, 2016, 34(51): 6582-6596. PMID: 27863715. DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2016.09.025.
28 Fukazawa R, Kobayashi J, Ayusawa M, et al. JCS/JSCS 2020 guideline on diagnosis and management of cardiovascular sequelae in Kawasaki disease[J]. Circ J, 2020, 84(8): 1348-1407. PMID: 32641591. DOI: 10.1253/circj.CJ-19-1094.
29 Ha KS, Jang G, Lee J, et al. Incomplete clinical manifestation as a risk factor for coronary artery abnormalities in Kawasaki disease: a meta-analysis[J]. Eur J Pediatr, 2013, 172(3): 343-349. PMID: 23229186. DOI: 10.1007/s00431-012-1891-5.
30 Maddox RA, Holman RC, Uehara R, et al. Recurrent Kawasaki disease: USA and Japan[J]. Pediatr Int, 2015, 57(6): 1116-1120. PMID: 26096590. PMCID: PMC4676732. DOI: 10.1111/ped.12733.
31 Alphonse MP, Duong TT, Shumitzu C, et al. Inositol-triphosphate 3-Kinase C mediates inflammasome activation and treatment response in Kawasaki disease[J]. J Immunol, 2016, 197(9): 3481-3489. PMID: 27694492. DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1600388.
32 Anzai F, Watanabe S, Kimura H, et al. Crucial role of NLRP3 inflammasome in a murine model of Kawasaki disease[J]. J Mol Cell Cardiol, 2020, 138: 185-196. PMID: 31836541. DOI: 10.1016/j.yjmcc.2019.11.158.
33 Franco A, Shimizu C, Tremoulet AH, et al. Memory T-cells and characterization of peripheral T-cell clones in acute Kawasaki disease[J]. Autoimmunity, 2010, 43(4): 317-324. PMID: 20166878. PMCID: PMC2871072. DOI: 10.3109/08916930903405891.
34 中国医师协会儿科医师分会风湿免疫学组, 中国儿童免疫与健康联盟, 《中国实用儿科杂志》编辑委员会. 儿童风湿性疾病相关巨噬细胞活化综合征诊断与治疗专家共识之五：川崎病篇[J]. 中国实用儿科杂志, 2020, 35(11): 841-845. DOI: 10.19538/j.ek2020110605.
35 Agarwal S, Agrawal DK. Kawasaki disease: etiopathogenesis and novel treatment strategies[J]. Expert Rev Clin Immunol, 2017, 13(3): 247-258. PMID: 27590181. PMCID: PMC5542821. DOI: 10.1080/1744666X.2017.1232165.
36 Rife E, Gedalia A. Kawasaki disease: an update[J]. Curr Rheumatol Rep, 2020, 22(10): 75. PMID: 32924089. PMCID: PMC7487199. DOI: 10.1007/s11926-020-00941-4.
37 Farias JS, Villarreal EG, Savorgnan F, et al. The use of neutrophil-lymphocyte ratio for the prediction of refractory disease and coronary artery lesions in patients with Kawasaki disease[J]. Cardiol Young, 2023, 33(8): 1409-1417. PMID: 37012661. DOI: 10.1017/S1047951123000653.
38 中华医学会儿科学分会心血管学组, 中华医学会儿科学分会风湿学组, 中华医学会儿科学分会免疫学组, 等. 川崎病诊断和急性期治疗专家共识[J]. 中华儿科杂志, 2022, 60(1): 6-13. PMID: 34986616. DOI: 10.3760/cma.j.cn112140-20211018-00879.
39 Research Committee of the Japanese Society of Pediatric Cardiology, Cardiac Surgery Committee for Development of Guidelines for Medical Treatment of Acute Kawasaki Disease. Guidelines for medical treatment of acute Kawasaki disease: report of the Research Committee of the Japanese Society of Pediatric Cardiology and Cardiac Surgery (2012 revised version)[J]. Pediatr Int, 2014, 56(2): 135-158. PMID: 24730626. DOI: 10.1111/ped.12317.
40 Jiao W, Wei L, Jiao F, et al. Very early onset of coronary artery aneurysm in a 3-month infant with Kawasaki disease: a case report and literature review[J]. Ital J Pediatr, 2023, 49(1): 60. PMID: 37270515. PMCID: PMC10239295. DOI: 10.1186/s13052-023-01478-9.
41 Newburger JW, Takahashi M, Gerber MA, et al. Diagnosis, treatment, and long-term management of Kawasaki disease: a statement for health professionals from the committee on Rheumatic Fever, Endocarditis, and Kawasaki Disease, Council on Cardiovascular Disease in the Young, American Heart Association[J]. Pediatrics, 2004, 114(6): 1708-1733. PMID: 15574639. DOI: 10.1542/peds.2004-2182.
42 Kim GB, Yu JJ, Yoon KL, et al. Medium- or higher-dose acetylsalicylic acid for acute Kawasaki disease and patient outcomes[J]. J Pediatr, 2017, 184: 125-129.e1. PMID: 28043685. DOI: 10.1016/j.jpeds.2016.12.019.
43 Son MBF, Gauvreau K, Tremoulet AH, et al. Risk model development and validation for prediction of coronary artery aneurysms in Kawasaki disease in a north American population[J]. J Am Heart Assoc, 2019, 8(11): e011319. PMID: 31130036. PMCID: PMC6585355. DOI: 10.1161/JAHA.118.011319.
44 Hu YC, Liu HM, Lin MT, et al. Outcomes of Kawasaki disease children with spontaneous defervescence within 10 days[J]. Front Pediatr, 2019, 7: 158. PMID: 31069204. PMCID: PMC6491630. DOI: 10.3389/fped.2019.00158.
45 Hospach T, Neudorf U, Lilienthal E, et al. Updated recommendations for action according to the S2k guidelines on Kawasaki syndrome[J]. Monatsschr Kinderheilkd, 2022, 170(12): 1122-1124. PMID: 35502222. PMCID: PMC9047471. DOI: 10.1007/s00112-022-01490-z.
46 Marchesi A, Tarissi de Jacobis I, Rigante D, et al. Kawasaki disease: guidelines of the Italian Society of Pediatrics, part I: definition, epidemiology, etiopathogenesis, clinical expression and management of the acute phase[J]. Ital J Pediatr, 2018, 44(1): 102. PMID: 30157897. PMCID: PMC6116535. DOI: 10.1186/s13052-018-0536-3.
47 Ito Y, Matsui T, Abe K, Honda T, et al. Aspirin dose and treatment outcomes in Kawasaki disease: a historical control study in Japan[J]. Front Pediatr, 2020, 8: 249. PMID: 32478021. PMCID: PMC7241278. DOI: 10.3389/fped.2020.00249.
48 Nadig PL, Joshi V, Pilania RK, et al. Intravenous immunoglobulin in Kawasaki disease-evolution and pathogenic mechanisms[J]. Diagnostics (Basel), 2023, 13(14): 2338. PMID: 37510082. PMCID: PMC10378342. DOI: 10.3390/diagnostics13142338.
49 Muta H, Ishii M, Yashiro M, et al. Late intravenous immunoglobulin treatment in patients with Kawasaki disease[J]. Pediatrics, 2012, 129(2): e291-e297. PMID: 22250032. DOI: 10.1542/peds.2011-1704.
50 Broderick C, Kobayashi S, Suto M, et al. Intravenous immunoglobulin for the treatment of Kawasaki disease[J]. Cochrane Database Syst Rev, 2023, 1(1): CD014884. PMID: 36695415. PMCID: PMC9875364. DOI: 10.1002/14651858.CD014884.pub2.
51 Newburger JW, Sleeper LA, McCrindle BW, et al. Randomized trial of pulsed corticosteroid therapy for primary treatment of Kawasaki disease[J]. N Engl J Med, 2007, 356(7): 663-675. PMID: 17301297. DOI: 10.1056/NEJMoa061235.
52 Nakamura Y, Yashiro M, Uehara R, et al. Epidemiologic features of Kawasaki disease in Japan: results of the 2009-2010 nationwide survey[J]. J Epidemiol, 2012, 22(3): 216-221. PMID: 22447211. PMCID: PMC3798622. DOI: 10.2188/jea.je20110126.
53 Burns JC, Mason WH, Hauger SB, et al. Infliximab treatment for refractory Kawasaki syndrome[J]. J Pediatr, 2005, 146(5): 662-667. PMID: 15870671. DOI: 10.1016/j.jpeds.2004.12.022.
54 王思宝, 泮思林, 罗刚, 等. 英夫利昔单抗治疗丙种球蛋白无反应型川崎病有效性及安全性的系统评价及Meta分析[J]. 儿科药学杂志, 2023, 29(1): 34-38. DOI: 10.13407/j.cnki.jpp.1672-108X.2023.01.011.
55 Pan Y, Fan Q, Hu L. Treatment of immunoglobulin-resistant Kawasaki disease: a Bayesian network meta-analysis of different regimens[J]. Front Pediatr, 2023, 11: 1149519. PMID: 37520059. PMCID: PMC10373588. DOI: 10.3389/fped.2023.1149519.
56 Roberts SC, Jain S, Tremoulet AH, et al. The Kawasaki disease comparative effectiveness (KIDCARE) trial: a phase III, randomized trial of second intravenous immunoglobulin versus infliximab for resistant Kawasaki disease[J]. Contemp Clin Trials, 2019, 79: 98-103. PMID: 30840903. DOI: 10.1016/j.cct.2019.02.008.
57 Dionne A, Burns JC, Dahdah N, et al. Treatment intensification in patients with Kawasaki disease and coronary aneurysm at diagnosis[J]. Pediatrics, 2019, 143(6): e20183341. PMID: 31048414. DOI: 10.1542/peds.2018-3341.
58 Kobayashi T, Kobayashi T, Morikawa A, et al. Efficacy of intravenous immunoglobulin combined with prednisolone following resistance to initial intravenous immunoglobulin treatment of acute Kawasaki disease[J]. J Pediatr, 2013, 163(2): 521-526. PMID: 23485027. DOI: 10.1016/j.jpeds.2013.01.022.
59 Wang Z, Chen F, Wang Y, et al. Methylprednisolone pulse therapy or additional IVIG for patients with IVIG-resistant Kawasaki disease[J]. J Immunol Res, 2020, 2020: 4175821. PMID: 33299898. PMCID: PMC7707959. DOI: 10.1155/2020/4175821.
60 Miura M, Tamame T, Naganuma T, et al. Steroid pulse therapy for Kawasaki disease unresponsive to additional immunoglobulin therapy[J]. Paediatr Child Health, 2011, 16(8): 479-484. PMID: 23024586, PMCID: PMC3202387, DOI: 10.1093/pch/16.8.479.
61 Bruggeman CW, Nagelkerke SQ, Lau W, et al. Treatment-associated hemolysis in Kawasaki disease: association with blood-group antibody titers in IVIG products[J]. Blood Adv, 2020, 4(14): 3416-3426. PMID: 32722782. PMCID: PMC7391134. DOI: 10.1182/bloodadvances.2020002253.
62 Burns JC, Roberts SC, Tremoulet AH, et al. Infliximab versus second intravenous immunoglobulin for treatment of resistant Kawasaki disease in the USA (KIDCARE): a randomised, multicentre comparative effectiveness trial[J]. Lancet Child Adolesc Health, 2021, 5(12): 852-861. PMID: 34715057. DOI: 10.1016/S2352-4642(21)00270-4.
63 Pendergrast J, Armali C, Callum J, et al. A prospective observational study of the incidence, natural history, and risk factors for intravenous immunoglobulin-mediated hemolysis[J]. Transfusion, 2021, 61(4): 1053-1063. PMID: 33433931. DOI: 10.1111/trf.16232.
64 Okubo Y, Miura M, Kobayashi T, et al. The impact of changes in clinical guideline on practice patterns and healthcare utilizations for Kawasaki disease in Japan[J]. Front Pediatr, 2020, 8: 114. PMID: 32266191. PMCID: PMC7105796. DOI: 10.3389/fped.2020.00114.
65 Kabbaha S, Milano A, Aldeyab MA, et al. Infliximab as a second-line therapy for children with refractory Kawasaki disease: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials[J]. Br J Clin Pharmacol, 2023, 89(1): 49-60. PMID: 36169097. DOI: 10.1111/bcp.15547.
66 Brogan PA, Bose A, Burgner D, et al. Kawasaki disease: an evidence based approach to diagnosis, treatment, and proposals for future research[J]. Arch Dis Child, 2002, 86(4): 286-290. PMID: 11919108. PMCID: PMC1719139. DOI: 10.1136/adc.86.4.286.
67 Dillon MJ, Eleftheriou D, Brogan PA. Medium-size-vessel vasculitis[J]. Pediatr Nephrol, 2010, 25(9): 1641-1652. PMID: 19946711. PMCID: PMC2908435. DOI: 10.1007/s00467-009-1336-1.
68 Wilson N, Heaton P, Calder L, et al. Kawasaki disease with severe cardiac sequelae: lessons from recent New Zealand experience[J]. J Paediatr Child Health, 2004, 40(9-10): 524-529. PMID: 15367145. DOI: 10.1111/j.1440-1754.2004.00456.x.
69 郭莉, 卢美萍, 董桂娟, 等. 巨噬细胞活化综合征的临床和实验室特征分析[J]. 中国当代儿科杂志, 2017, 19(2): 188-192. PMID: 28202118. PMCID: PMC7389461. DOI: 10.7499/j.issn.1008-8830.2017.02.012.
70 Lee KY, Oh JH, Han JW, et al. Arthritis in Kawasaki disease after responding to intravenous immunoglobulin treatment[J]. Eur J Pediatr, 2005, 164(7): 451-452. PMID: 15782294. DOI: 10.1007/s00431-005-1653-8.
71 Suzuki A, Miyagawa-Tomita S, Komatsu K, et al. Immunohistochemical study of apparently intact coronary artery in a child after Kawasaki disease[J]. Pediatr Int, 2004, 46(5): 590-596. PMID: 15491390. DOI: 10.1111/j.1442-200x.2004.01943.x.
72 Taddio A, Rossi ED, Monasta L, et al. Describing Kawasaki shock syndrome: results from a retrospective study and literature review[J]. Clin Rheumatol, 2017, 36(1): 223-228. PMID: 27230223. DOI: 10.1007/s10067-016-3316-8.
73 Li Y, Zheng Q, Zou L, et al. Kawasaki disease shock syndrome: clinical characteristics and possible use of IL-6, IL-10 and IFN-γ as biomarkers for early recognition[J]. Pediatr Rheumatol Online J, 2019, 17(1): 1. PMID: 30611297. PMCID: PMC6321686. DOI: 10.1186/s12969-018-0303-4.
74 Yellen ES, Gauvreau K, Takahashi M, et al. Performance of 2004 American Heart Association recommendations for treatment of Kawasaki disease[J]. Pediatrics, 2010, 125(2): e234-e241. PMID: 20100771. PMCID: PMC2896313. DOI: 10.1542/peds.2009-0606.
75 高微微, 邹映雪. 川崎病休克综合征早期识别与诊治研究进展[J]. 临床儿科杂志, 2021, 39(3): 237-240. DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1000-3606.2021.03.017.
76 Kanegaye JT, Wilder MS, Molkara D, et al. Recognition of a Kawasaki disease shock syndrome[J]. Pediatrics, 2009, 123(5): e783-e789. PMID: 19403470. PMCID: PMC2848476. DOI: 10.1542/peds.2008-1871.
77 Harrison M, Scalici P. Clinical guideline highlights for the hospitalist: management of Kawasaki disease[J]. J Hosp Med, 2022, 17(10): 829-831. PMID: 35934950. DOI: 10.1002/jhm.12935.
78 Tremoulet AH, Jain S, Jaggi P, et al. Infliximab for intensification of primary therapy for Kawasaki disease: a phase 3 randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial[J]. Lancet, 2014, 383(9930): 1731-1738. PMID: 24572997. DOI: 10.1016/S0140-6736(13)62298-9.
79 Latino GA, Manlhiot C, Yeung RS, et al. Macrophage activation syndrome in the acute phase of Kawasaki disease[J]. J Pediatr Hematol Oncol, 2010, 32(7): 527-531. PMID: 20485197. DOI: 10.1097/MPH.0b013e3181dccbf4.
80 Wang W, Gong F, Zhu W, et al. Macrophage activation syndrome in Kawasaki disease: more common than we thought?[J]. Semin Arthritis Rheum, 2015, 44(4): 405-410. PMID: 25200945. DOI: 10.1016/j.semarthrit.2014.07.007.
81 周利兵, 吕海涛. 川崎病并发巨噬细胞活化综合征的研究进展[J]. 临床儿科杂志, 2018, 36(10): 796-800. DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1000-3606.2018.10.017.
82 Fukazawa R, Kobayashi T, Mikami M, et al. Nationwide survey of patients with giant coronary aneurysm secondary to Kawasaki disease 1999-2010 in Japan[J]. Circ J, 2017, 82(1): 239-246. PMID: 28855435. DOI: 10.1253/circj.CJ-17-0433.
83 La Rosée P, Horne A, Hines M, et al. Recommendations for the management of hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis in adults[J]. Blood, 2019, 133(23): 2465-2477. PMID: 30992265. DOI: 10.1182/blood.2018894618.
84 徐莉, 何胜男, 张宇, 等. 儿童风湿病相关巨噬细胞活化综合征单中心临床研究[J]. 中国实用儿科杂志, 2021, 36(4): 285-291. DOI: 10.19538/j.ek2021040610.