Patterns and etiology of acute and chronic lung injury：insights from experimental evidence
Matthias C. Hütten1,2, Boris W. Kramer2
1. Department of Pediatrics/Neonatology, University Clinic RWTH Aachen, Germany;
2. Department of Pediatrics/Neonatology, Maastricht University Medical Center, The Netherlands
Abstract Adequate pulmonary function is pivotal for preterm infants. Besides being structurally immature, the preterm lung is susceptible to injury resulting from different prenatal conditions and postnatal insults. Lung injury might result in impaired postnatal lung development, contributing to chronic lung disease of prematurity, bronchopulmonary dysplasia (BPD). This review focuses on lung injury mediated by and related to inflammatory changes in the lung. We give an overview on experimental models which have helped to elucidate mechanisms of pulmonary inflammation in prematurity. We describe experimental data linking acute and chronic chorioamnionitis with intrapulmonary inflammation, lung maturation and surfactant production in various animal models. In addition, experimental data has shown that fetal inflammatory response is modulated by the fetus himself. Experimental data has therefore helped to understand differential effects on lung function and lung maturation exerted by maternal administration of potentially anti-inflammatory substances like glucocorticosteroids (GCS). New approaches of modulation of pulmonary inflammation/injury caused by postnatal interventions during resuscitation and mechanical ventilation have been studied in animal models. Postnatal therapeutic interventions with widely used drugs like oxygen, steroids, surfactant, caffeine and vitamin A have been experimentally and mechanistically assessed regarding their effect on pulmonary inflammation and lung injury. Carefully designed experiments will help to elucidate the complex interaction between lung injury, lung inflammation, repair and altered lung development, and will help to establish a link between lung alterations originating in this early period of life and long-term adverse respiratory effects.
Corresponding Authors:
Prof. Boris W. Kramer, MD, PhD, Professor of Experimental Perinatology. Email: b.kramer@maastrichtuniversity.nl.
E-mail: b.kramer@maastrichtuniversity.nl.
Cite this article:
Matthias C. Hü,tten,Boris W. Kramer. Patterns and etiology of acute and chronic lung injury：insights from experimental evidence[J]. CJCP, 2014, 16(5): 448-459.
Matthias C. Hü,tten,Boris W. Kramer. Patterns and etiology of acute and chronic lung injury：insights from experimental evidence[J]. CJCP, 2014, 16(5): 448-459.
Fehrholz M, Bersani I, Kramer BW, et al. Synergistic effect of caffeine and glucocorticoids on expression of surfactant protein B (SP-B) mRNA[J]. PLoS One, 2012, 7(12): e51575.
[1]
Selassie M, Sinha AC. The epidemiology and aetiology of obesity: a global challenge[J]. Best Pract Res Clin Anaesthesiol, 2011, 25(1): 1-9.
[84]
Fehrholz M, Hutten M, Kramer BW, et al. Amplification of steroid-mediated SP-B expression by physiological levels of caffeine[J]. Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol, 2014,306(1): L101-L109.
[2]
Karpe F, Dickmann JR, Frayn KN. Fatty acids, obesity, and insulin resistance: time for a reevaluation[J]. Diabetes, 2011, 60(10): 2441-2449.
[85]
Moreira A, Caskey M, Fonseca R, et al. Impact of providing vitamin A to the routine pulmonary care of extremely low birth weight infants[J]. J Matern Fetal Neona, 2012, 25(1): 84-88.
[86]
Ozer EA, Kumral A, Ozer E, et al. Effect of retinoic acid on oxygen-induced lung injury in the newborn rat[J]. Pediatr Pulmonol, 2005, 39(1): 35-40.
[87]
Pierce RA, Joyce B, Officer S, et al. Retinoids increase lung elastin expression but fail to alter morphology or angiogenesis genes in premature ventilated baboons[J]. Pediatr Res, 2007, 61(6): 703-709.
[88]
Kramer BW, Albertine KH, Moss TJ, et al. All-trans retinoic acid and intra-amniotic endotoxin-mediated effects on fetal sheep lung[J]. Anat Rec (Hoboken), 2008, 291(10): 1271-1277.
[3]
Achike FI, To NH, Wang H, et al. Obesity, metabolic syndrome, adipocytes and vascular function: A holistic viewpoint[J]. Clin Exp Pharmacol Physiol, 2011, 38(1): 1-10.
[89]
Eichenwald EC, Stark AR. Are postnatal steroids ever justified to treat severe bronchopulmonary dysplasia?[J]. Arch Dis Child Fetal Neonatal Ed, 2007, 92(5): F334- F337.
[4]
Li MF, Cheung BM. Rise and fall of anti-obesity drugs[J]. World J Diabetes, 2011, 2(2): 19-23.
[90]
Halliday HL, Ehrenkranz RA, Doyle LW. Early (< 8 days) postnatal corticosteroids for preventing chronic lung disease in preterm infants[J]. Cochrane Database Syst Rev, 2009, (1):CD001146.
[91]
Halliday HL, Ehrenkranz RA, Doyle LW. Late (>7 days) postnatal corticosteroids for chronic lung disease in preterm infants[J]. Cochrane Database Syst Rev, 2009(1):CD001145.
[92]
Barrington KJ. The adverse neuro-developmental effects of postnatal steroids in the preterm infant: a systematic review of RCTs[J]. BMC Pediatr, 2001, 1:1.
[5]
Basu A, Du M, Leyva MJ, et al. Blueberries decrease cardiovascular risk factors in obese men and women with metabolic syndrome[J]. J Nutr, 2010, 140(9): 1582-1587.
[93]
Watterberg KL, Shaffer ML, Mishefske MJ, et al. Growth and neurodevelopmental outcomes after early low-dose hydrocortisone treatment in extremely low birth weight infants[J]. Pediatrics, 2007, 120(1): 40-48.
[6]
Karlsen A, Paur I, Bohn SK, et al. Bilberry juice modulates plasma concentration of NF-kappaB related inflammatory markers in subjects at increased risk of CVD[J]. Eur J Nutr, 2010, 49(6): 345-355.
[7]
Prior RL, Wu X, Gu L, et al. Purified berry anthocyanins but not whole berries normalize lipid parameters in mice fed an obesogenic high fat diet[J]. Mol Nutr Food Res, 2009, 53(11): 1406-1418.
Lee HJ, Kim BI, Choi ES, et al. Effects of postnatal dexamethasone or hydrocortisone in a rat model of antenatal lipopolysaccharide and neonatal hyperoxia exposure[J]. J Korean Med Sci, 2012, 27(4): 395-401.
[95]
Huang CC, Lin HR, Liang YC, et al. Effects of neonatal corticosteroid treatment on hippocampal synaptic function[J]. Pediatr Res, 2007, 62(3): 267-270.
[10]
Galvano F, La Fauci L, Vitaglione P, et al. Bioavailability, antioxidant and biological properties of the natural free-radical scavengers cyanidin and related glycosides[J]. Ann Ist Super Sanita, 2007, 43(4): 382-393.
[11]
Takikawa M, Inoue S, Horio F, et al. Dietary anthocyanin-rich bilberry extract ameliorates hyperglycemia and insulin sensitivity via activation of AMP-activated protein kinase in diabetic mice[J]. J Nutr, 2010, 140(3): 527-533.
[96]
Onland W, Offringa M, Cools F, et al. Systemic Hydrocortisone To Prevent Bronchopulmonary Dysplasia in preterm infants (the SToP-BPD study); a multicenter randomized placebo controlled trial[J]. BMC Pediatr, 2011, 11:102.
[12]
Prior RL, E Wilkes S, R Rogers T, et al. Purified blueberry anthocyanins and blueberry juice alter development of obesity in mice fed an obesogenic high-fat diet[J]. J Agric Food Chem, 2010, 58(7): 3970-3976.
[97]
Fung ME, Thebaud B. Stem cell-based therapy for neonatal lung disease-it's in the juice[J]. Pediatr Res, 2014, 75(1-1): 2-7.
[13]
Guo H, Liu G, Zhong R, et al. Cyanidin-3-O-β-glucoside regulates fatty acid metabolism via an AMP-activated protein kinase-dependent signaling pathway in human HepG2 cells[J]. Lipids Health Dis, 2012, 11: 10-12.
[98]
Brostrom EB, Akre O, Katz-Salamon M, et al. Obstructive pulmonary disease in old age among individuals born preterm[J]. Eur J Epidemiol, 2013, 28(1): 79-85.
[14]
Guo H, Xia M, Zou T, et al. Cyanidin 3-glucoside attenuates obesity-associated insulin resistance and hepatic steatosis in high-fat diet-fed and db/db mice via the transcription factor FoxO1[J]. J Nutr Biochem, 2012, 23(4): 349-360.
[15]
Qin Y, Xia M, Ma J, et al. Anthocyanin supplementation improves serum LDL- and HDL-cholesterol concentrations associated with the inhibition of cholesteryl ester transfer protein in dyslipidemic subjects[J]. Am J Clin Nutr, 2009, 90(3): 485-492.
[99]
Kumar R, Yu Y, Story RE, et al. Prematurity, chorioamnionitis, and the development of recurrent wheezing: a prospective birth cohort study[J]. J Allergy Clin Immunol, 2008, 121(4): 878-884.
[100]
Wong PM, Lees AN, Louw J, et al. Emphysema in young adult survivors of moderate-to-severe bronchopulmonary dysplasia[J]. Eur Respir J, 2008, 32(2): 321-328.
[101]
Larsen PS, Kamper-Jorgensen M, Adamson A, et al. Pregnancy and birth cohort resources in europe: a large opportunity for aetiological child health research[J]. Paediatr Perinat Epidemiol, 2013, 27(4): 393-414.
