Abstract In recent years, more and more studies have noted the close association between gut microbiota and the development and progression of obesity. Gut microbiota may act on obesity by increasing energy intake, affecting the secretion of intestinal hormones, inducing chronic systemic inflammation, and producing insulin resistance. This article reviews the association between childhood obesity and gut microbiota, as well as possible mechanisms, in an attempt to provide a reference for the etiology, prevention and treatment of childhood obesity.
Zdrojowy-Welna A, Tupikowska M, Kolackov K, et al. The role of fat mass and obesity-associated gene (FTO) in obesity-an overview[J]. Endokrynol Pol, 2014, 65(3):224-231.
[2]
Bulbul T, Hoque M. Prevalence of childhood obesity and overweight in Bangladesh:findings from a countrywide epidemiological study[J]. BMC Pediatr, 2014, 14:86.
[3]
Valdes Pizarro J, Royo-Bordonada MA. Prevalence of childhood obesity in Spain:National Health Survey 2006-2007[J]. Nutr Hosp, 2012, 7(1):154-160.
[4]
World Health Organization. Obesity and Overweight[EB/OL](January 2016).
[5]
Blaut M, Klaus S. Intestinal microbiota and obesity[J]. Handb Exp Pharmacol, 2012, (209):251-273.
[6]
Jumpertz R, Le DS, Turnbaugh PJ, et al. Energy-balance studies reveal associations between gut microbes, caloric load, and nutrient absorption in hunmans[J]. Am J Clin Nutr, 2011, 94(1):58-65.
[7]
Blasco-Baque V, Serino M, Burcelin R. Metabolic therapy at the edge between human hosts and gut microbes[J]. Ann Pharm Fr, 2013, 71(1):34-41.
[8]
Munyaka PM, Khafipour E, Ghia JE. External influence of early childhood establishment of gut microbiota and subsequent health implications[J]. Front Pediatr, 2014, 2:109.
[9]
Paliy O, Piyathilake CJ, Kozyrskyj A, et al. Excess body weight during pregnancy and offspring obesity:potential mechanisms[J]. Nutrition, 2014, 30(3):245-251.
[10]
Avershina E, Storro O, Oien T, et al. Major faecal microbiota shifts in composition and diversity with age in a geographically restricted cohort of mothers and their children[J]. FEMS Microbiol Ecol, 2014, 87(1):280-290.
[11]
Azad MB, Konya T, Maughan H, et al. Gut microbiota of healthy Canadian infants:profiles by mode of delivery and infant diet at 4 months[J]. CMAJ, 2013, 185(5):385-394.
[12]
Munyaka PM, Khafipour E, Ghia JE. External influence of early childhood establishment of gut microbiota and subsequent health implications[J]. Front Pediatr, 2014, 2:109.
[13]
Zak-Golab A, Olszanecka-Glinianowicz M, Kocelak P. The role of gut microbiota in the pathogenesis of obesity[J]. Postepy Hig Med Dosw(Online), 2014, 68:84-90.
[14]
Delzenne NM, Neyrinck AM, Cani PD. Modulation of the gut microbiota by nutrients with prebiotic properties:consequences for host health in the context of obesity and metabolic syndrome[J]. Microb Cell Fact, 2011, 10(Suppl 1):S10.
[15]
Abdallah Ismail N, Ragab SH, Abd Elbaky A, et al. Frequency of Firmicutes and Bacteroidetes in gut microbiota in obese and normal weight Egyptian children and adults[J]. Arch Med Sci, 2011, 7(3):501-507.
[16]
Kalliomaki M, Collado MC, Salmnen S, et al. Early differences in fecal microbiota composition in children may predict over-weight[J]. Am J Clin Nutr, 2008, 87(3):534-538.
[17]
Gao X, Jia R, Xie L, et al. Obesity in school-aged children and its correlation with gut E.coli and Bifidobacteria:a case-control study[J]. BMC Pediatr, 2015, 15:64.
Verdam FJ, Fuentes S, de Jonge C, et al. Human intestinal microbiota composition is associated with local and systemic inflammation in obesity[J]. Obesity (Silver Spring), 2013, 21(12):E607-E615.
[20]
Payne AN, Chassard C, Zimmermann M, et al. The metabolic activity of gut microbiota in obese children is increased compared with normal-weight children and exhibits more exhaustive substrate utilization[J]. Nutr Diabetes, 2011, 1:e12.
[21]
Swartz TD, Sakar Y, Duca FA, et al. Preserved adiposity in the Fischer 344 rat devoid of gut microbiota[J]. FASEB J, 2013, 27(4):1701-1710.
[22]
Bached F, Manchester JK, Semenkovich CF, et al. Mechanisms underlying the resistance to diet-induced obesity in germ-free mice[J]. Proc Natl Acad SCI USA, 2007, 104(3):979-984.
[23]
Musso G, Gambino R, Cassader M, et al. Obesity. diabetes, and gut microbiota:the hygiene hypothesis expanded?[J]. Diabetes Care, 2010, 33(10):2277-2284.
[24]
Samuel BS, Shaito A, Motoike T, et al. Effects of the gut microbiota on host adiposity are modulated by the short-chain fatty-acid binding G protein-coupled receptor, Gpr41[J]. Proc Natl Acad SCI USA, 2008, 105(43):16767-16772.
[25]
Seimon RV, Taylor P, Little TJ, et al. Effects of acute and longer-term dietary restriction on upper gut motility, hormone, appetite, and energy-intake responses to duodenal lipid in lean and obese men[J]. Am J Clin Nutr, 2014, 99(1):24-34.
[26]
Cani PD, Possemiers S, Van de Wiele T, et al. Changes in gut microbiota control inflammation in obese mice through a mechanism involving GLP-2-driven improvement of gut permeability[J]. Gut, 2009, 58(8):1091-1103.
[27]
Muccioli GG, Naslain D, Bäckhed F, et al. The endocannabinoid system links gut microbiota to adipogenesis[J]. Mol Syst Biol, 2010, 6:392.
[28]
Caricilli AM, Saad MJ. Gut microbiota composition and its effects on obesity and insulin resistance[J]. Curr Opin Clin Nutr Metab Care, 2014, 17(4):312-318.
[29]
Carvalho BM, Saad MJ. Influence of gut microbiota on subclinical inflammation and insulin resistance[J]. Mediators Inflamm, 2013, 2013:986734.
[30]
Cani PD, Lecourt E, Dewulf EM, et al. Gut microbiota fermentation of prebiotics increases satietogenic and incretin gut peptide production with consequences for appetite sensation and glucose response after a meal[J]. Am J Clin Nutr, 2009, 90(5):1236-1243.
[31]
Yadav H, Lee JH, Lloyd J, et al. Beneficial metabolic effects of a probiotic via butyrate-induced GLP-1 hormone secretion[J]. J Biol Chem, 2013, 288(35):25088-25097.
[32]
Caricilli AM, Saad MJ. The role of gut microbiota on insulin resistance[J]. Nutrients, 2013, 5(3):829-851.
[33]
Duburcq T, Hubert T, Saint-Leger P, et al. Impact of endotoxin challenge in obese pigs[J]. Shock, 2014, 41(6):546-553.
[34]
Clemente-Postigo M, Queipo-Ortuno MI, Murri M, et al. Endotoxin increase after fat overload is related to postprandial hypertriglyceridemia in morbidly obese patients[J]. J Lipid Res, 2012, 53(5):973-978.
[35]
Wang JH, Bose S, Kim GC, et al. Flos Lonicera ameliorates obesity and associated endotoxemia in rats through modulation of gut permeability and intestinal microbiota[J]. PLoS One, 2014, 9(1):e86117.
[36]
Kheirandish-Gozal L, Peris E, Wang Y, et al. Lipopolysac-charide-binding protein plasma levels in children:effects of obstructive sleep apnea and obesity[J]. J Clin Endocrinol Metab, 2014, 99(2):656-663.
[37]
Muccioli GG, Naslain D, Bäckhed F, et al. The endocannabinoid system links gut microbiota to adipogenesis[J]. Mol Syst Biol, 2010, 6:392.
[38]
Chen G, Pang Z. Endocannabinoids and obesity[J]. Vitam Horm, 2013, 91:325-368.
[39]
Scherma M, Fattore L, Castelli MP, et al. The role of the endocannabinoid system in eating disorders:neurochemical and behavioural preclinical evidence[J]. Curr Pharm Des, 2014, 20(13):2089-2099.
