Abstract The outbreak of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) started in December 2019 in China and the epidemic is still going on at present. Since children are the susceptible population, the number of cases is gradually increasing. In addition to the typical respiratory symptoms, severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARSCoV-2) infection also has the clinical symptoms of cardiovascular system damage. Based on a literature review, this article discusses the possible cardiovascular system damage caused by SARS-CoV-2 in children and related mechanisms, in order to provide help for the timely treatment and prevention of cardiovascular system damage caused by SARSCoV-2 in children.
Zhu N, Zhang D, Wang W, et al. A novel coronavirus from patients with pneumonia in China, 2019[J]. N Engl J Med, 2020, 382(8):727-733.
[2]
Gorbalenya AE, Baker SC, Baric RS, et al. Severe acute respiratory syndrome-related coronavirus:the species and its viruses-a statement of the Coronavirus Study Group[J/OL]. BioRxiv. (2020-02-11)[2020-03-05]. https://www.biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.02.07.937862v1.
[3]
World Health Organization. WHO Director-General's remarks at the media briefing on 2019-nCoV on 11 February 2020[EB/OL]. (2020-02-11)[2020-03-05]. https://www.who.int/dg/speeches/detail/who-director-general-s-remarks-at-the-media-briefing-on-2019-ncov-on-11-february-2020.
Wu ZY, McGoogan JM. Characteristics of and important lessons from the coronavirus disease 2019(COVID-19) outbreak in China. Summary of a report of 72314 cases from the Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention[J]. JAMA, 2020. DOI:10.1001/jama.2020.2648. Epub ahead of print.
Lu R, Zhao X, Li J, et al. Genomic characterisation and epidemiology of 2019 novel coronavirus:implications for virus origins and receptor binding[J]. Lancet, 2020, 395(10224):565-574.
[12]
Tang XL, Wu CC, Li X, et al. On the origin and continuing evolution of SARS-CoV-2[J/OL]. Natl Science Rev. (2020-03-03)[2020-03-05]. https://doi.org/10.1093/nsr/nwaa036.
[13]
American College of Cardiology. Cardiac implications of novel Wuhan coronavirus (COVID-19)[EB/OL].[2020-03-05]. https://www.acc.org/~/media/Non-Clinical/Files-PDFs-ExcelMS-Word-etc/2020/02/14/S20028-ACC-Clinical-BulletinCoronavirus-FINAL-UPLOADED-Feb-14-2020.pdf.
[14]
Huang C, Wang Y, Li X, et al. Clinical features of patients infected with 2019 novel coronavirus in Wuhan, China[J]. Lancet, 2020, 395(10223):497-506.
[15]
Wang D, Hu B, Hu C, et al, Clinical characteristics of 138 hospitalized patients with 2019 novel coronavirus-infected pneumonia in Wuhan, China[J]. JAMA, 2020. DOI:10.1001/jama. 2020.1585. Epub ahead of print.
[16]
Yang X, Yu Y, Xu J, et al. Clinical course and outcomes of critically ill patients with SARS-CoV-2 pneumonia in Wuhan, China:a single-centered, retrospective, observational study[J]. Lancet Respir Med, 2020. DOI:10.1016/S2213-2600(20)30079-5. Epub ahead of print.
Cai J, Xu J, Lin D, et al. A case series of children with 2019 novel coronavirus infection:clinical and epidemiological features[J]. Clin Infect Dis, 2020. DOI:10.1093/cid/ciaa198. Epub ahead of print.
Xu Z, Shi L, Wang Y, et al. Pathological findings of COVID-19 associated with acute respiratory distress syndrome[J]. Lancet Respir Med, 2020. DOI:10.1016/S2213-2600(20) 30076-X. Epub ahead of print.
[21]
Guan WJ, Ni ZY, Hu Y, et al. Clinical characteristics of coronavirus disease 2019 in China[J]. N Engl J Med, 2020. DOI:10.1056/NEJMoa2002032. Epub ahead of print.
Mckinney CA, Fattah C, Loughrey CM, et al. Angiotensin-(1-7) and angiotensin-(1-9):function in cardiac and vascular remodelling[J]. Clin Sci, 2014, 126(12):815-827.
[25]
Hamming I, Timens W, Bulthuis ML, et al. Tissue distribution of ACE2 protein, the functional receptor for SARS coronavirus. A first step in understanding SARS pathogenesis[J]. J Pathol, 2004, 203(2):631-637.
[26]
Kuba K, Gao H, Rao S, et al. A crucial role of angiotensin converting enzyme 2(ACE2) in SARS coronavirus-induced lung injury[J]. Nat Med, 2005, 11(8):875-879.
[27]
Oudit GY, Kassiri Z, Jiang C, et al. SARS-coronavirus modulation of myocardial ACE2 expression and inflammation in patients with SARS[J]. Eur J Clin Invest, 2009, 39(7):618-625.
[28]
Wang Y, Shang J, Graham R, et al. Receptor recognition by novel coronavirus from Wuhan:an analysis based on decadelong structural studies of SARS[J]. J Virol, 2020. DOI:10.1128/JVI.00127-20. Epub ahead of print.
[29]
Yan R, Zhang Y, Li Y, et al. Structure of dimeric full-length human ACE2 in complex with B0AT1[J/OL]. BioRxiv. (2020-02-18)[2020-03-15]. https://www.biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.02.17.951848v1.
Costanzo MR, Khayat R, Ponikowski P, et al. Mechanisms and clinical consequences of untreated central sleep apnea in heart failure[J]. J Am Coll Cardiol, 2015, 65(1):72-84.
Vigneswaran TV, Brown JR, Breuer J, et al. Parvovirus B19 myocarditis in children:an observational study[J]. Arch Dis Child, 2016, 101(2):177-180.
[35]
Alhogbani T. Acute myocarditis associated with novel Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus[J]. Ann Saudi Med, 2016, 36(1):78-80.
[36]
Rao S, Sasser W, Diaz F, et al. Coronavirus associated fulminant myocarditis successfully treated with intravenous immunoglobulin and extracorporeal membrane oxygenation[J]. Chest, 2014, 146(4):336A.
[37]
Liu Y, Yang Y, Zhang C, et al. Clinical and biochemical indexes from 2019-nCoV infected patients linked to viral loads and lung injury[J]. Sci China Life Sci, 2020, 63(3):364-374.
[38]
Din-Dzietham R, Liu Y, Bielo MV, et al. High blood pressure trends in children and adolescents in nation surveys, 1963 to 2002[J]. Circulation, 2007, 116(13):1488-1496.
[39]
Ferrario CM, Jessup J, Chappell MC, et al. Effect of angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibition and angiotensin II receptor blockers on cardiac angiotensin-converting enzyme 2[J]. Circulation, 2005, 111(20):2605-2610.
Chen N, Zhou M, Dong X, et al. Epidemiological and clinical characteristics of 99 cases of 2019 novel coronavirus pneumonia in Wuhan, China:a descriptive study[J]. Lancet, 2020, 385(10223):507-513.
[45]
Yin HL, Luo CW, Dai ZK, et al. Hypoxia-inducible factor-1α, vascular endothelial growth factor, inducible nitric oxide synthase, and endothelin-1 expression correlates with angiogenesis in congenital heart disease[J]. Kaohsiung J Med Sci, 2016, 32(7):348-355.
