Abstract Objective To investigate the risk factors for pulmonary hemorrhage and its clinical outcome in very low birth weight infants (VLBWIs). Methods The medical data were collected from all live VLBWIs (gestational age <35 weeks) who were admitted to Jiangsu Women and Children Health Hospital and Children's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University between January 1, 2020 and December 31, 2021. Based on inclusion and exclusion criteria, 574 VLBWIs were included in the study, with 44 VLBWIs in the pulmonary hemorrhage group and 530 VLBWIs in the non-pulmonary hemorrhage group. The clinical data were compared between the two groups. A multivariate logistic regression analysis was used to identify the risk factors for pulmonary hemorrhage. Results There were significant differences between the two groups in maternal age, rate of positive-pressure ventilation for resuscitation, rate of tracheal intubation for resuscitation, and minimum body temperature within 1 hour after birth (P<0.05). The pulmonary hemorrhage group had a higher proportion of VLBWIs with grade Ⅲ-Ⅳ respiratory distress syndrome or early-onset sepsis than the non-pulmonary hemorrhage group (P<0.05). The pulmonary hemorrhage group also had a higher proportion of VLBWIs with a capillary refilling time of >3 seconds within 1 hour after birth and with the maximum positive end-expiratory pressure (PEEP) of <5 cmH2O within 24 hours after birth (P<0.05). The multivariate regression analysis showed that maternal age of 30-<35 years (OR=0.115, P<0.05) was a protective factor against pulmonary hemorrhage, while a lower temperature (<34°C) within 1 hour after birth, the maximum PEEP of <5 cm H2O within 24 hours after birth, and early-onset sepsis were risk factors for pulmonary hemorrhage (OR=11.609, 11.118, and 20.661, respectively; P<0.05). For all VLBWIs, the pulmonary hemorrhage group had a longer duration of invasive ventilation and a higher mortality rate than the non-pulmonary hemorrhage group (P<0.05); for the survival VLBWIs, the pulmonary hemorrhage group had a higher incidence rate of bronchopulmonary dysplasia than the non-pulmonary hemorrhage group (P<0.05). Conclusions Maintaining the stability of temperature, giving appropriate PEEP, and identifying sepsis as early as possible can reduce the incidence rate of pulmonary hemorrhage, thereby helping to reduce the incidence of bronchopulmonary dysplasia and mortality in VLBWIs.
Corresponding Authors:
Yang Y , Email: yy860508@163.com
E-mail: yy860508@163.com
Cite this article:
CAO Zhao-Lan,PAN Jing-Jing,CHEN Xiao-Qing et al. Pulmonary hemorrhage in very low birth weight infants: risk factors and clinical outcome[J]. CJCP, 2022, 24(10): 1117-1123.
CAO Zhao-Lan,PAN Jing-Jing,CHEN Xiao-Qing et al. Pulmonary hemorrhage in very low birth weight infants: risk factors and clinical outcome[J]. CJCP, 2022, 24(10): 1117-1123.
Donda K, Vijayakanthi N, Dapaah-Siakwan F, et al. Trends in epidemiology and outcomes of respiratory distress syndrome in the United States[J]. Pediatr Pulmonol, 2019, 54(4): 405-414. PMID: 30663263. DOI: 10.1002/ppul.24241.
Fauroux B, Hasco?t JM, Jarreau PH, et al. Risk factors for bronchiolitis hospitalization in infants: a French nationwide retrospective cohort study over four consecutive seasons (2009-2013)[J]. PLoS One, 2020, 15(3): e0229766. PMID: 32142528. PMCID: PMC7059917. DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0229766.
Nies?uchowska-Hoxha A, Cnota W, Czuba B, et al. A retrospective study on the risk of respiratory distress syndrome in singleton pregnancies with preterm premature rupture of membranes between 24+0 and 36+6 weeks, using regression analysis for various factors[J]. Biomed Res Int, 2018, 2018: 7162478. PMID: 30402491. PMCID: PMC6193337. DOI: 10.1155/2018/7162478.
Li J, Xia H, Ye L, et al. Exploring prediction model and survival strategies for pulmonary hemorrhage in premature infants: a single-center, retrospective study[J]. Transl Pediatr, 2021, 10(5): 1324-1332. PMID: 34189090. PMCID: PMC8193000. DOI: 10.21037/tp-21-64.
Tomaszewska M, Stork E, Minich NM, et al. Pulmonary hemorrhage: clinical course and outcomes among very low-birth-weight infants[J]. Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med, 1999, 153(7): 715-721. PMID: 10401804. DOI: 10.1001/archpedi.153.7.715.
Yen TA, Wang CC, Hsieh WS, et al. Short-term outcome of pulmonary hemorrhage in very-low-birth-weight preterm infants[J]. Pediatr Neonatol, 2013, 54(5): 330-334. PMID: 23711674. DOI: 10.1016/j.pedneo.2013.04.005.
Sweet DG, Carnielli V, Greisen G, et al. European consensus guidelines on the management of respiratory distress syndrome - 2019 update[J]. Neonatology, 2019, 115(4): 432-450. PMID: 30974433. PMCID: PMC6604659. DOI: 10.1159/000499361.
International Committee for the Classification of Retinopathy of Prematurity. The international classification of retinopathy of prematurity revisited[J]. Arch Ophthalmol, 2005, 123(7): 991-999. PMID: 16009843. DOI: 10.1001/archopht.123.7.991.
Papile LA, Burstein J, Burstein R, et al. Incidence and evolution of subependymal and intraventricular hemorrhage: a study of infants with birth weights less than 1,500 gm[J]. J Pediatr, 1978, 92(4): 529-534. PMID: 305471. DOI: 10.1016/s0022-3476(78)80282-0.
15 Volpe JJ. Neurology of the Newborn[M]. 5th ed. Philadelphia: Saunders/Elsevier, 2008: 541.
Bhandari V, Gagnon C, Rosenkrantz T, et al. Pulmonary hemorrhage in neonates of early and late gestation[J]. J Perinat Med, 1999, 27(5): 369-375. PMID: 10642957. DOI: 10.1515/JPM.1999.050.
Garland J, Buck R, Weinberg M. Pulmonary hemorrhage risk in infants with a clinically diagnosed patent ductus arteriosus: a retrospective cohort study[J]. Pediatrics, 1994, 94(5): 719-723. PMID: 7936902.
Dufourq N, Thomson M, Adhikari M, et al. Massive pulmonary haemorrhage as a cause of death in the neonate—a retrospective review[J]. S Afr Med J, 2004, 94(4): 299-302. PMID: 15150947.
Stierling S, Hilgers RD, Trepels-Kottek S, et al. Preterm pulmonary hemorrhage is associated with multiple births but not with intracytoplasmic sperm injection: a cohort study on medical records[J]. Am J Perinatol, 2018, 35(11): 1087-1092. PMID: 29635656. DOI: 10.1055/s-0038-1641589.
O'Connor KL, Davies MW. Ventilation settings in preterm neonates with ventilator-dependant, evolving bronchopulmonary dysplasia[J]. Early Hum Dev, 2021, 159: 105417. PMID: 34242909. DOI: 10.1016/j.earlhumdev.2021.105417.
van Kaam AH, De Luca D, Hentschel R, et al. Modes and strategies for providing conventional mechanical ventilation in neonates[J]. Pediatr Res, 2021, 90(5): 957-962. PMID: 31785591. DOI: 10.1038/s41390-019-0704-1.