Abstract At present, the treatment of refractory/relapsed acute lymphoblastic leukemia is still in a difficult situation, and even if the intensity of chemotherapy is increased or it is combined with hematopoietic stem cell transplantation, some children may have a poor prognosis and a short survival time. Chimeric antigen receptor T-cell (CAR-T) immunotherapy uses genetically engineered T cells and does not rely on the human leukocyte antigen pathway to recognize tumor-specific antigens, and then CAR-T cells bind to target antigen cells to trigger immune response, thereby exerting a sustained anti-leukemia effect. As the most rapidly developed tumor immunotherapy, major breakthroughs have been made for CAR-T cells in the treatment of various hematological tumors, but there still lacks a comprehensive system for the research, development, and production of CAR-T cells and standardized diagnosis and treatment protocols in China. This article reviews the recent research on CAR-T cells in children with refractory/relapsed acute lymphoblastic leukemia.
WEI Nan,CHEN Tian-Ping. Recent research on chimeric antigen receptor T cells in children with refractory/relapsed acute lymphoblastic leukemia[J]. CJCP, 2023, 25(2): 210-216.
WEI Nan,CHEN Tian-Ping. Recent research on chimeric antigen receptor T cells in children with refractory/relapsed acute lymphoblastic leukemia[J]. CJCP, 2023, 25(2): 210-216.
Jensen KS, Oskarsson T, L?hteenm?ki PM, et al. Temporal changes in incidence of relapse and outcome after relapse of childhood acute lymphoblastic leukemia over three decades; a Nordic population-based cohort study[J]. Leukemia, 2022, 36(5): 1274-1282. PMID: 35314777. DOI: 10.1038/s41375-022-01540-1.
Crotta A, Zhang J, Keir C. Survival after stem-cell transplant in pediatric and young-adult patients with relapsed and refractory B-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia[J]. Curr Med Res Opin, 2018, 34(3): 435-440. PMID: 28945102. DOI: 10.1080/03007995.2017.1384373.
Ragoonanan D, Sheikh IN, Gupta S, et al. The evolution of chimeric antigen receptor T-cell therapy in children, adolescents and young adults with acute lymphoblastic leukemia[J]. Biomedicines, 2022, 10(9): 2286. PMID: 36140387. PMCID: PMC9496125. DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines10092286.
Tan Y, Pan J, Deng B, et al. Toxicity and effectiveness of CD19 CAR T therapy in children with high-burden central nervous system refractory B-ALL[J]. Cancer Immunol Immunother, 2021, 70(7): 1979-1993. PMID: 33416942. DOI: 10.1007/s00262-020-02829-9.
Chen X, Wang Y, Ruan M, et al. Treatment of testicular relapse of b-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia with CD19-specific chimeric antigen receptor T cells[J]. Clin Lymphoma Myeloma Leuk, 2020, 20(6): 366-370. PMID: 32205078. PMCID: PMC8312220. DOI: 10.1016/j.clml.2019.10.016.
Schultz LM, Baggott C, Prabhu S, et al. Disease burden affects outcomes in pediatric and young adult B-cell lymphoblastic leukemia after commercial tisagenlecleucel: a pediatric real-world chimeric antigen receptor consortium report[J]. J Clin Oncol, 2022, 40(9): 945-955. PMID: 34882493. PMCID: PMC9384925. DOI: 10.1200/JCO.20.03585.
Zhang X, Yang J, Li J, et al. Factors associated with treatment response to CD19 CAR-T therapy among a large cohort of B cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia[J]. Cancer Immunol Immunother, 2022, 71(3): 689-703. PMID: 34365516. DOI: 10.1007/s00262-021-03009-z.
Levine JE, Grupp SA, Pulsipher MA, et al. Pooled safety analysis of tisagenlecleucel in children and young adults with B cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia[J]. J Immunother Cancer, 2021, 9(8): e002287. PMID: 34353848. PMCID: PMC8344270. DOI: 10.1136/jitc-2020-002287.
Wehrli M, Gallagher K, Chen YB, et al. Single-center experience using anakinra for steroid-refractory immune effector cell-associated neurotoxicity syndrome (ICANS)[J]. J Immunother Cancer, 2022, 10(1): e003847. PMID: 34996813. PMCID: PMC8744112. DOI: 10.1136/jitc-2021-003847.
Ghorashian S, Jacoby E, De Moerloose B, et al. Tisagenlecleucel therapy for relapsed or refractory B-cell acute lymphoblastic leukaemia in infants and children younger than 3 years of age at screening: an international, multicentre, retrospective cohort study[J]. Lancet Haematol, 2022, 9(10): e766-e775. PMID: 36084658. DOI: 10.1016/S2352-3026(22)00225-3.
Kampouri E, Walti CS, Gauthier J, et al. Managing hypogammaglobulinemia in patients treated with CAR-T-cell therapy: key points for clinicians[J]. Expert Rev Hematol, 2022, 15(4): 305-320. PMID: 35385358. DOI: 10.1080/17474086.2022.2063833.
Brudno JN, Natrakul D, Lam N, et al. Acute and delayed cytopenias following CAR T-cell therapy: an investigation of risk factors and mechanisms[J]. Leuk Lymphoma, 2022, 63(8): 1849-1860. PMID: 35389319. DOI: 10.1080/10428194.2022.2056172.
Lee DW, Kochenderfer JN, Stetler-Stevenson M, et al. T cells expressing CD19 chimeric antigen receptors for acute lymphoblastic leukaemia in children and young adults: a phase 1 dose-escalation trial[J]. Lancet, 2015, 385(9967): 517-528. PMID: 25319501. PMCID: PMC7065359. DOI: 10.1016/S0140-6736(14)61403-3.
Callahan C, Barry A, Fooks-Parker S, et al. Pediatric survivorship: considerations following CAR T-cell therapy[J]. Clin J Oncol Nurs, 2019, 23(2): 35-41. PMID: 30880817. DOI: 10.1188/19.CJON.S1.35-41.
Yu H, Sotillo E, Harrington C, et al. Repeated loss of target surface antigen after immunotherapy in primary mediastinal large B cell lymphoma[J]. Am J Hematol, 2017, 92(1): E11-E13. PMID: 27779774. PMCID: PMC8620941. DOI: 10.1002/ajh.24594.
Lei X, Lei Y, Li JK, et al. Immune cells within the tumor microenvironment: biological functions and roles in cancer immunotherapy[J]. Cancer Lett, 2020, 470: 126-133. PMID: 31730903. DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2019.11.009.
Wang Y, Zhong K, Ke J, et al. Combined 4-1BB and ICOS co-stimulation improves anti-tumor efficacy and persistence of dual anti-CD19/CD20 chimeric antigen receptor T cells[J]. Cytotherapy, 2021, 23(8): 715-723. PMID: 33863641. DOI: 10.1016/j.jcyt.2021.02.117.
Dai H, Wu Z, Jia H, et al. Bispecific CAR-T cells targeting both CD19 and CD22 for therapy of adults with relapsed or refractory B cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia[J]. J Hematol Oncol, 2020, 13(1): 30. PMID: 32245502. PMCID: PMC7126394. DOI: 10.1186/s13045-020-00856-8.
Wei G, Zhang Y, Zhao H, et al. CD19/CD22 dual-targeted CAR t-cell therapy for relapsed/refractory aggressive b-cell lymphoma: a safety and efficacy study[J]. Cancer Immunol Res, 2021, 9(9): 1061-1070. PMID: 34290048. DOI: 10.1158/2326-6066.CIR-20-0675.
Qin H, Edwards JP, Zaritskaya L, et al. Chimeric antigen receptors incorporating D domains targeting CD123 direct potent mono- and bi-specific antitumor activity of T cells[J]. Mol Ther, 2019, 27(7): 1262-1274. PMID: 31043341. PMCID: PMC6612629. DOI: 10.1016/j.ymthe.2019.04.010.
Lee YG, Guruprasad P, Ghilardi G, et al. Modulation of BCL-2 in both T cells and tumor cells to enhance chimeric antigen receptor t-cell immunotherapy against cancer[J]. Cancer Discov, 2022, 12(10): 2372-2391. PMID: 35904479. PMCID: PMC9547936. DOI: 10.1158/2159-8290.CD-21-1026.