中国新生儿疼痛管理循证指南（2023年）

doi:10.7499/j.issn.1008-8830.2210052

Abstract
Figure/Table
References(154)
Related Citation (15)
Read Tracking
Download Tracking

Download: PDF (902 KB) HTML
Export: BibTeX | EndNote (RIS) Supporting Info

Abstract Pain disrupts neonatal vital signs and internal environment homeostasis and affects the recovery process, and recurrent pain stimulation is one of the important risk factors for neurodevelopmental disorders and some chronic diseases. In order to standardize pain management practice in neonatal wards in China and effectively prevent and reduce the adverse effects of pain on the physical and mental development of neonates, National Clinical Research Center for Child Health and Diseases (Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University) convened a multidisciplinary panel to formulate the evidence-based guideline for neonatal pain management in China (2023 edition) following the principles and methods for the guideline development issued by the World Health Organization. Based on the best evidence and expert consensus, this guideline gives 26 recommendations for nine clinical issues, i.e., the classification and definition of neonatal pain, common sources of pain, pain assessment principles, pain assessment methods, analgesic principle, non-pharmaceutical analgesic methods, pharmaceutical analgesic methods, parental participation in pain management, and recording methods for pain management, so as to provide medical staff with guidance and a decision-making basis for neonatal pain assessment and analgesia management.

	Service

	E-mail this article
	Add to my bookshelf
	Add to citation manager
	E-mail Alert
	RSS
	Articles by authors
	National Clinical Research Center for Child Health and Diseases/Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Child Development and Disorders/Chongqing Key Laboratory of Pediatrics/Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University

Key words： Pain Clinical practice guideline Neonate

Received: 12 October 2022

Cite this article:

National Clinical Research Center for Child Health and Diseases/Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Child Development and Disorders/Chongqing Key Laboratory of Pediatrics/Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University. Evidence-based guideline for neonatal pain management in China (2023)[J]. CJCP, 2023, 25(2): 109-127.

URL:

http://www.zgddek.com/EN/10.7499/j.issn.1008-8830.2210052 OR http://www.zgddek.com/EN/Y2023/V25/I2/109

	Raja SN, Carr DB, Cohen M, et al. The revised International Association for the Study of Pain definition of pain: concepts, challenges, and compromises[J]. Pain, 2020, 161(9): 1976-1982. PMID: 32694387. PMCID: PMC7680716. DOI: 10.1097/j.pain.0000000000001939.
	2 RajaSN, CarrDB, CohenM, 等. 国际疼痛研究协会疼痛定义修订版: 概念、挑战和折中[J]. 中华疼痛学杂志, 2020, 16(5): 341-348. DOI: 10.3760/cma.j.cn101658-20200723-00173.
	3 李梦婷, 陈朔晖. 新生儿疼痛自动化评估技术的研究进展[J]. 中国护理管理, 2020, 20(4): 602-607. DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1672-1756.2020.04.026.
	McPherson C, Miller SP, El-Dib M, et al. The influence of pain, agitation, and their management on the immature brain[J]. Pediatr Res, 2020, 88(2): 168-175. PMID: 31896130. PMCID: PMC7223850. DOI: 10.1038/s41390-019-0744-6.
	Jones L, Laudiano-Dray MP, Whitehead K, et al. EEG, behavioural and physiological recordings following a painful procedure in human neonates[J]. Sci Data, 2018, 5: 180248. PMID: 30422128. PMCID: PMC6233256. DOI: 10.1038/sdata.2018.248.
	6 沈巧, 郑显兰, 林紫, 等. 66家医疗机构儿童疼痛管理现状调查[J]. 中国护理管理, 2019, 19(2): 187-193. DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1672-1756.2019.02.007.
	7 刘芳. 儿童疼痛管理循证实践现状及影响因素调查研究[D]. 重庆: 重庆医科大学, 2017.
	Balice-Bourgois C, Zumstein-Shaha M, Vanoni F, et al. A systematic review of clinical practice guidelines for acute procedural pain on neonates[J]. Clin J Pain, 2020, 36(5): 390-398. PMID: 31977372. DOI: 10.1097/AJP.0000000000000808.
	9 沈巧, 郑显兰, 冷虹瑶. 新生儿疼痛管理指南的制定与应用研究进展[J]. 护士进修杂志, 2022, 37(5): 404-407. DOI: 10.16821/j.cnki.hsjx.2022.05.005.
	10 Oliveira IMD, Castral TC, Cavalcante MMFP, et al. Conhecimento e atitude dos profissionais de enfermagem sobre avalia??o e tratamento da dor neonatal[J]. Rev Eletr Enferm, 2016, 18: e1160. DOI: 10.5216/ree.v18.36782.
	Sposito NPB, Rossato LM, Bueno M, et al. Assessment and management of pain in newborns hospitalized in a neonatal intensive care unit: a cross-sectional study[J]. Rev Lat Am Enfermagem, 2017, 25: e2931. PMID: 28902934. PMCID: PMC5599073. DOI: 10.1590/1518-8345.1665.2931.
	中国医师协会新生儿科医师分会, 中国当代儿科杂志编辑委员会. 新生儿疼痛评估与镇痛管理专家共识(2020版)[J]. 中国当代儿科杂志, 2020, 22(9): 923-930. PMID: 32933620. PMCID: PMC7499443. DOI: 10.7499/j.issn.1008-8830.2006181.
	13 Institute of Medicine (US) Committee on Standards for Developing Trustworthy Clinical Practice Guidelines. Clinical Practice Guidelines We Can Trust[M]. Washington, DC, USA: National Academies Press, 2011: 57-103.
	14 World Health Organization. WHO Handbook for Guideline Development, 2nd edition[EB/OL]. (2014-12-18)[2021-02-16]. https://www.who.int/publications-detail-redirect/9789241548960.
	Chen Y, Yang K, Maru?ic A, et al. A reporting tool for practice guidelines in health care: the RIGHT statement[J]. Ann Intern Med, 2017, 166(2): 128-132. PMID: 27893062. DOI: 10.7326/M16-1565.
	Shen Q, Leng H, Shi Y, et al. A protocol to develop a standard guideline for neonatal pain management[J]. Transl Pediatr, 2021, 10(6): 1712-1720. PMID: 34295786. PMCID: PMC8261575. DOI: 10.21037/tp-21-111.
	17 陈耀龙. GRADE在系统评价和实践指南中的应用[M]. 2版. 北京: 中国协和医科大学出版社, 2021.
	Lewin S, Glenton C, Munthe-Kaas H, et al. Using qualitative evidence in decision making for health and social interventions: an approach to assess confidence in findings from qualitative evidence syntheses (GRADE-CERQual)[J]. PLoS Med, 2015, 12(10): e1001895. PMID: 26506244. PMCID: PMC4624425. DOI: 10.1371/journal.pmed.1001895.
	19 拜争刚, 刘少堃, 黄崇斐, 等. 定性系统评价证据分级工具——CERQual简介[J]. 中国循证医学杂志, 2015, 15(12): 1465-1470. DOI: 10.7507/1672-2531.20150238.
	20 陈祎婷, 沈蓝君, 彭健, 等. 改良版定量系统评价证据分级方法对患者报告结局测量工具的评价[J]. 解放军护理杂志, 2020, 37(10): 57-60. DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1008-9993.2020.10.014.
	21 Mokkink LB, Prinsen CA, Patrick DL, et al. COSMIN methodology for systematic reviews of patient-reported outcome measures (PROMs)—user manual[EB/OL].[2022-09-19].
	Guyatt GH, Alonso-Coello P, Schünemann HJ, et al. Guideline panels should seldom make good practice statements: guidance from the GRADE Working Group[J]. J Clin Epidemiol, 2016, 80: 3-7. PMID: 27452192. DOI: 10.1016/j.jclinepi.2016.07.006.
	Boyle EM, Bradshaw J, Blake KI. Persistent pain in neonates: challenges in assessment without the aid of a clinical tool[J]. Acta Paediatr, 2018, 107(1): 63-67. PMID: 28925559. DOI: 10.1111/apa.14081.
	Giordano V, Edobor J, Deindl P, et al. Pain and sedation scales for neonatal and pediatric patients in a preverbal stage of development: a systematic review[J]. JAMA Pediatr, 2019, 173(12): 1186-1197. PMID: 31609437. DOI: 10.1001/jamapediatrics.2019.3351.
	25 郭政, 王国年. 疼痛诊疗学[M]. 4版. 北京: 人民卫生出版社, 2016.
	26 刘延青, 金毅, 李伟彦. 疼痛病学诊疗手册: 手术与创伤后疼痛病分册[M]. 北京: 人民卫生出版社, 2017.
	Anand KJS. Defining pain in newborns: need for a uniform taxonomy?[J]. Acta Paediatr, 2017, 106(9): 1438-1444. PMID: 28556311. PMCID: PMC5601230. DOI: 10.1111/apa.13936.
	28 Royal College of Nursing. The recognition and assessment of acute pain in children[EB/OL]. [2022-09-23]. https://www.euroespa.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/10/003542.pdf.
	Debillon T, Zupan V, Ravault N, et al. Development and initial validation of the EDIN scale, a new tool for assessing prolonged pain in preterm infants[J]. Arch Dis Child Fetal Neonatal Ed, 2001, 85(1): F36-F41. PMID: 11420320. PMCID: PMC1721270. DOI: 10.1136/fn.85.1.f36.
	Anand KJS, Eriksson M, Boyle EM, et al. Assessment of continuous pain in newborns admitted to NICUs in 18 European countries[J]. Acta Paediatr, 2017, 106(8): 1248-1259. PMID: 28257153. DOI: 10.1111/apa.13810.
	van Ganzewinkel CJ, Anand KJ, Kramer BW, et al. Chronic pain in the newborn: toward a definition[J]. Clin J Pain, 2014, 30(11): 970-977. PMID: 24296909. DOI: 10.1097/AJP.0000000000000056.
	Cruz MD, Fernandes AM, Oliveira CR. Epidemiology of painful procedures performed in neonates: a systematic review of observational studies[J]. Eur J Pain, 2016, 20(4): 489-498. PMID: 26223408. DOI: 10.1002/ejp.757.
	33 王亚静, 李杨, 孙静, 等. 新生儿重症监护病房患儿操作性疼痛现状调查[J]. 护理学杂志, 2019, 34(11): 20-23. DOI: 10.3870/j.issn.1001-4152.2019.11.020.
	Ishak S, Nfe F, Zakaria Sz S, et al. Neonatal pain: knowledge and perception among pediatric doctors in Malaysia[J]. Pediatr Int, 2019, 61(1): 67-72. PMID: 30484931. DOI: 10.1111/ped.13724.
	Committee on Fetus and Newborn and Section on Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine. Prevention and management of procedural pain in the neonate: an update[J]. Pediatrics, 2016, 137(2): e20154271. PMID: 26810788. DOI: 10.1542/peds.2015-4271.
	Cravero JP, Agarwal R, Berde C, et al. The Society for Pediatric Anesthesia recommendations for the use of opioids in children during the perioperative period[J]. Paediatr Anaesth, 2019, 29(6): 547-571. PMID: 30929307. PMCID: PMC6851566. DOI: 10.1111/pan.13639.
	Pirelli A, Savant Levet P, Garetti E, et al. Literature review informs clinical guidelines for pain management during screening and laser photocoagulation for retinopathy of prematurity[J]. Acta Paediatr, 2019, 108(4): 593-599. PMID: 30054933. DOI: 10.1111/apa.14523.
	Spence K, Henderson-Smart D, New K, et al. Evidenced-based clinical practice guideline for management of newborn pain[J]. J Paediatr Child Health, 2010, 46(4): 184-192. PMID: 20105248. DOI: 10.1111/j.1440-1754.2009.01659.x.
	39 Registered Nurses' Association of Ontario. Assessment and management of pain (third edition)[EB/OL]. [2022-09-23]. https://rnao.ca/bpg/guidelines/assessment-and-management-pain.
	40 National Association of Neonatal Nurses. Trauma-Informed Care in the NICU: Evidence-Based Practice Guidelines for Neonatal Clinicians[M]. New York: Springer Publishing Company, 2017: 101-136.
	Harris J, Ramelet AS, van Dijk M, et al. Clinical recommendations for pain, sedation, withdrawal and delirium assessment in critically ill infants and children: an ESPNIC position statement for healthcare professionals[J]. Intensive Care Med, 2016, 42(6): 972-986. PMID: 27084344. PMCID: PMC4846705. DOI: 10.1007/s00134-016-4344-1.
	42 World Health Organization. WHO Guidelines on the Pharmacological Treatment of Persisting Pain in Children with Medical Illnesses[M]. Geneva: World Health Organization, 2012.
	43 王亚静, 于素杰, 孙静, 等. 新生儿操作性疼痛及其影响因素的研究现状[J]. 护理学报, 2017, 24(17): 30-34. DOI: 10.16460/j.issn1008-9969.2017.17.030.
	44 万丽, 赵晴, 陈军, 等. 疼痛评估量表应用的中国专家共识(2020版)[J]. 中华疼痛学杂志, 2020, 16(3): 177-187. DOI: 10.3760/cma.j.cn101379-20190915-00075.
	Andersen RD, Munsters JMA, Vederhus BJ, et al. Pain assessment practices in Swedish and Norwegian neonatal care units[J]. Scand J Caring Sci, 2018, 32(3): 1074-1082. PMID: 29282767. DOI: 10.1111/scs.12553.
	Morgan ME, Kukora S, Nemshak M, et al. Neonatal Pain, Agitation, and Sedation Scale's use, reliability, and validity: a systematic review[J]. J Perinatol, 2020, 40(12): 1753-1763. PMID: 33009491. DOI: 10.1038/s41372-020-00840-7.
	Popowicz H, Kwiecień-Jagu? K, Olszewska J, et al. Pain scales in neonates receiving mechanical ventilation in neonatal intensive care units: systematic review[J]. J Pain Res, 2020, 13: 1883-1897. PMID: 32801846. PMCID: PMC7399469. DOI: 10.2147/JPR.S248042.
	Meesters N, Dilles T, Simons S, et al. Do pain measurement instruments detect the effect of pain-reducing interventions in neonates? A systematic review on responsiveness[J]. J Pain, 2019, 20(7): 760-770. PMID: 30586622. DOI: 10.1016/j.jpain.2018.12.005.
	Olsson E, Ahl H, Bengtsson K, et al. The use and reporting of neonatal pain scales: a systematic review of randomized trials[J]. Pain, 2021, 162(2): 353-360. PMID: 32826760. PMCID: PMC7808360. DOI: 10.1097/j.pain.0000000000002046.
	50 何碧云. 新生儿疼痛、躁动及镇静评估量表的汉化及信效度评价[D]. 杭州: 浙江大学, 2017.
	51 黄小知. 三种量表用于机械通气新生儿急性疼痛评估的比较[D]. 广州: 南方医科大学, 2017.
	52 Anand KJS. Assessment of neonatal pain[EB/OL]. [2022-10-25]. https://www.uptodate.cn/contents/assessment-of-neonatal-pain.
	Maaskant J, Raymakers-Janssen P, Veldhoen E, et al. The clinimetric properties of the COMFORT scale: a systematic review[J]. Eur J Pain, 2016, 20(10): 1587-1611. PMID: 27161119. DOI: 10.1002/ejp.880.
	54 Yaripoor S, Khalili A, Joonbakhsh F, et al. Systematic review of pain assessment scales in newborns under maxillofacial surgery admitted to the surgical ward[J]. Int J Med Res Health Sci, 2016, 5(10): 41-44.
	55 沈巧, 唐语蔓, 冷虹瑶, 等. 新生儿疼痛评估量表测量学性能的系统评价再评价[J]. 中国全科医学, 2022, 25(35): 4453-4461. DOI: 10.12114/j.issn.1007-9572.2022.0478.
	56 何星蓉, 郑显兰, 柯淞淋, 等. 基于3个英文版新生儿疼痛量表评估新生儿术后疼痛的信度和效度研究[J]. 中国循证儿科杂志, 2021, 16(3): 186-191. DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1673-5501.2021.03.003.
	57 庞玮, 张海林, 张小宝, 等. 不同量表用于机械通气新生儿急性疼痛评估的价值分析[J]. 现代生物医学进展, 2019, 19(2): 262-265. DOI: 10.13241/j.cnki.pmb.2019.02.013.
	58 贺芳, 张喆, 黄小知, 等. 3种量表用于新生儿足跟采血疼痛评估的信效度分析[J]. 护理学报, 2017, 24(1): 1-4. DOI: 10.16460/j.issn1008-9969.2017.01.001.
	59 刘蕊. 新生儿急性疼痛评估量表的汉化及信效度评价[D]. 湖州: 湖州师范学院, 2016.
	60 陈易. 婴儿疼痛行为指征量表的信效度检测及其适用性研究[D]. 杭州: 杭州师范大学, 2017.
	61 闫菲, 梅花, 张钰恒, 等. 修订版早产儿疼痛量表对早产儿重复致痛性操作信效度及临床适用性的探讨[J]. 中国小儿急救医学, 2017, 24(10): 774-776. DOI: 10.3760/cma.j.issn.1673-4912.2017.10.014.
	Xie W, Wang X, Huang R, et al. Assessment of four pain scales for evaluating procedural pain in premature infants undergoing heel blood collection[J]. Pediatr Res, 2021, 89(7): 1724-1731. PMID: 32599608. DOI: 10.1038/s41390-020-1034-z.
	63 王晓杰, 谢婉花, 黄瑞华, 等. PIPP量表对早产儿足跟采血疼痛评估的效果观察[J]. 现代诊断与治疗, 2018, 29(14): 2323-2325. DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1001-8174.2018.14.070.
	64 陈祎婷, 彭健, 沈蓝君, 等. COSMIN方法介绍: 结合一项系统评价实例进行解读[J]. 护理研究, 2021, 35(9): 1505-1510. DOI: 10.12102/j.issn.1009-6493.2021.09.001.
	65 夏冬晴, 陈梦莹, 闵翠婷, 等. 早期反复操作性疼痛对足月新生儿疼痛反应的影响[J]. 中华实用儿科临床杂志, 2016, 31(9): 692-695. DOI: 10.3760/cma.j.issn.2095-428X.2016.09.013.
	66 徐俊杰, 尹娇, 程锐. 早期反复疼痛刺激与早产儿脑发育的关系[J]. 国际儿科学杂志, 2019, 46(1): 19-22. DOI: 10.3760/cma.j.issn.1673-4408.2019.01.005.
	Cong X, Wu J, Vittner D, et al. The impact of cumulative pain/stress on neurobehavioral development of preterm infants in the NICU[J]. Early Hum Dev, 2017, 108: 9-16. PMID: 28343092. PMCID: PMC5444300. DOI: 10.1016/j.earlhumdev.2017.03.003.
	68 Zhao T, Griffith T, Zhang Y, et al. Early-life factors associated with neurobehavioral outcomes in preterm infants during NICU hospitalization[J]. Pediatr Res, 2022. Epub ahead of print. PMID: 35338349. PMCID: PMC9509490. DOI: 10.1038/s41390-022-02021-y.
	Ranger M, Chau CM, Garg A, et al. Neonatal pain-related stress predicts cortical thickness at age 7 years in children born very preterm[J]. PLoS One, 2013, 8(10): e76702. PMID: 24204657. PMCID: PMC3800011. DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0076702.
	Vinall J, Miller SP, Bjornson BH, et al. Invasive procedures in preterm children: brain and cognitive development at school age[J]. Pediatrics, 2014, 133(3): 412-421. PMID: 24534406. PMCID: PMC3934331. DOI: 10.1542/peds.2013-1863.
	Ranger M, Synnes AR, Vinall J, et al. Internalizing behaviours in school-age children born very preterm are predicted by neonatal pain and morphine exposure[J]. Eur J Pain, 2014, 18(6): 844-852. PMID: 24318537. PMCID: PMC4016156. DOI: 10.1002/j.1532-2149.2013.00431.x.
	Vinall J, Miller SP, Synnes AR, et al. Parent behaviors moderate the relationship between neonatal pain and internalizing behaviors at 18 months corrected age in children born very prematurely[J]. Pain, 2013, 154(9): 1831-1839. PMID: 23748079. PMCID: PMC3791108. DOI: 10.1016/j.pain.2013.05.050.
	Marchal A, Melchior M, Dufour A, et al. Pain behavioural response to acoustic and light environmental changes in very preterm infants[J]. Children (Basel), 2021, 8(12): 1081. PMID: 34943277. PMCID: PMC8700556. DOI: 10.3390/children8121081.
	74 李丽, 胡静, 周晓光, 等. 病房噪声污染对新生儿疼痛指标与应激激素水平影响的研究[J]. 护理研究, 2016, 30(16): 2014-2015, 2016. DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1009-6493.2016.16.030.
	75 何丽, 奚敏, 肖静. 降噪雾化器在早产儿氧气雾化吸入中的应用[J]. 中华肺部疾病杂志(电子版), 2019, 12(4): 504-506. DOI: 10.3877/cma.j.issn.1674-6902.2019.04.024.
	White RD, Consensus Committee on Recommended Design Standards for Advanced Neonatal Care. Recommended standards for newborn ICU design, 9th edition[J]. J Perinatol, 2020, 40(Suppl 1): 2-4. PMID: 32859957. DOI: 10.1038/s41372-020-0766-2.
	77 环境保护部, 国家质量监督检验检疫总局. 声环境质量标准: GB 3096-2008[S]. 北京: 中国环境科学出版社, 2008.
	Zores-Koenig C, Kuhn P, Caeymaex L, et al. Recommendations on neonatal light environment from the French Neonatal Society[J]. Acta Paediatr, 2020, 109(7): 1292-1301. PMID: 31955460. DOI: 10.1111/apa.15173.
	Rosero EB, Joshi GP. Preemptive, preventive, multimodal analgesia: what do they really mean?[J]. Plast Reconstr Surg, 2014, 134(4 Suppl 2): 85S-93S. PMID: 25255012. DOI: 10.1097/PRS.0000000000000671.
	Czarnecki ML, Turner HN, Collins PM, et al. Procedural pain management: a position statement with clinical practice recommendations[J]. Pain Manag Nurs, 2011, 12(2): 95-111. PMID: 21620311. DOI: 10.1016/j.pmn.2011.02.003.
	Association of Paediatric Anaesthetists of Great Britain and Ireland. Good practice in postoperative and procedural pain management, 2nd edition[J]. Paediatr Anaesth, 2012, 22 Suppl 1: 1-79. PMID: 22817132. DOI: 10.1111/j.1460-9592.2012.03838.x.
	Shen Q, Huang Z, Leng H, et al. Efficacy and safety of non-pharmacological interventions for neonatal pain: an overview of systematic reviews[J]. BMJ Open, 2022, 12(9): e062296. PMID: 36171044. PMCID: PMC9528682. DOI: 10.1136/bmjopen-2022-062296.
	83 沈巧, 王政力, 冷虹瑶, 等. 住院新生儿药物镇痛有效性和安全性的系统评价/Meta分析再评价[J]. 中国药房, 2022, 33(16): 2022-2027. DOI: 10.6039/j.issn.1001-0408.2022.16.19.
	Doria M, Careddu D, Iorio R, et al. Paracetamol and ibuprofen in the treatment of fever and acute mild-moderate pain in children: Italian experts' consensus statements[J]. Children (Basel), 2021, 8(10): 873. PMID: 34682137. PMCID: PMC8534871. DOI: 10.3390/children8100873.
	Smith HAB, Besunder JB, Betters KA, et al. 2022 Society of Critical Care Medicine Clinical Practice guidelines on prevention and management of pain, agitation, neuromuscular blockade, and delirium in critically ill pediatric patients with consideration of the ICU environment and early mobility[J]. Pediatr Crit Care Med, 2022, 23(2): e74-e110. PMID: 35119438. DOI: 10.1097/PCC.0000000000002873.
	Waisel DB. Ethics of research for patients in pain[J]. Curr Opin Anaesthesiol, 2017, 30(2): 205-210. PMID: 28151827. DOI: 10.1097/ACO.0000000000000438.
	Guo W, Liu X, Zhou X, et al. Efficacy and safety of combined nonpharmacological interventions for repeated procedural pain in preterm neonates: a systematic review of randomized controlled trials[J]. Int J Nurs Stud, 2020, 102: 103471. PMID: 31783193. DOI: 10.1016/j.ijnurstu.2019.103471.
	Liu Y, Huang X, Luo B, et al. Effects of combined oral sucrose and nonnutritive sucking (NNS) on procedural pain of NICU newborns, 2001 to 2016: a PRISMA-compliant systematic review and meta-analysis[J]. Medicine (Baltimore), 2017, 96(6): e6108. PMID: 28178172. PMCID: PMC5313029. DOI: 10.1097/MD.0000000000006108.
	Ohlsson A, Shah PS. Paracetamol (acetaminophen) for prevention or treatment of pain in newborns[J]. Cochrane Database Syst Rev, 2020, 1(1): CD011219. PMID: 31985830. PMCID: PMC6984663. DOI: 10.1002/14651858.CD011219.pub4.
	Laudiano-Dray MP, Pillai Riddell R, Jones L, et al. Quantification of neonatal procedural pain severity: a platform for estimating total pain burden in individual infants[J]. Pain, 2020, 161(6): 1270-1277. PMID: 31977932. DOI: 10.1097/j.pain.0000000000001814.
	91 覃旺军, 邓昂. 特殊人群的疼痛药物治疗管理——早产儿及新生儿的疼痛用药[J]. 中国疼痛医学杂志, 2019, 25(8): 563-568. DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1006-9852.2019.08.002.
	92 王利明. 侵权责任法研究: 下卷[M]. 2版. 北京: 中国人民大学出版社, 2016.
	Lubbe W, Ten Ham-Baloyi W. When is the use of pacifiers justifiable in the baby-friendly hospital initiative context? A clinician's guide[J]. BMC Pregnancy Childbirth, 2017, 17(1): 130. PMID: 28449646. PMCID: PMC5408445. DOI: 10.1186/s12884-017-1306-8.
	94 许婧, 李冬. 非药物疗法缓解新生儿疼痛的研究进展[J]. 中华新生儿科杂志, 2020, 35(5): 393-395. DOI: 10.3760/cma.j.issn.2096-2932.2020.05.021.
	Orovec A, Disher T, Caddell K, et al. Assessment and management of procedural pain during the entire neonatal intensive care unit hospitalization[J]. Pain Manag Nurs, 2019, 20(5): 503-511. PMID: 31103509. DOI: 10.1016/j.pmn.2018.11.061.
	96 冷虹瑶, 郑显兰. 新生儿疼痛非药物干预镇痛法研究进展[J]. 重庆医学, 2013, 42(4): 461-463. DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1671-8348.2013.04.042.
	Wade C, Frazer JS, Qian E, et al. Development of locally relevant clinical guidelines for procedure-related neonatal analgesic practice in Kenya: a systematic review and meta-analysis[J]. Lancet Child Adolesc Health, 2020, 4(10): 750-760. PMID: 32735783. PMCID: PMC7507957. DOI: 10.1016/S2352-4642(20)30182-6.
	Harrison D, Beggs S, Stevens B. Sucrose for procedural pain management in infants[J]. Pediatrics, 2012, 130(5): 918-925. PMID: 23045554. DOI: 10.1542/peds.2011-3848.
	Lago P, Garetti E, Bellieni CV, et al. Systematic review of nonpharmacological analgesic interventions for common needle-related procedure in newborn infants and development of evidence-based clinical guidelines[J]. Acta Paediatr, 2017, 106(6): 864-870. PMID: 28295585. DOI: 10.1111/apa.13827.
	Hatfield LA, Murphy N, Karp K, et al. A systematic review of behavioral and environmental interventions for procedural pain management in preterm infants[J]. J Pediatr Nurs, 2019, 44: 22-30. PMID: 30683278. DOI: 10.1016/j.pedn.2018.10.004.
	Harrison D, Larocque C, Bueno M, et al. Sweet solutions to reduce procedural pain in neonates: a meta-analysis[J]. Pediatrics, 2017, 139(1): e20160955. PMID: 27986905. DOI: 10.1542/peds.2016-0955.
	Chen S, Zhang Q, Xie RH, et al. What is the best pain management during gastric tube insertion for infants aged 0-12 months: a systematic review[J]. J Pediatr Nurs, 2017, 34: 78-83. PMID: 28024900. DOI: 10.1016/j.pedn.2016.12.015.
	Stevens B, Yamada J, Ohlsson A, et al. Sucrose for analgesia in newborn infants undergoing painful procedures[J]. Cochrane Database Syst Rev, 2016, 7(7): CD001069. PMID: 27420164. PMCID: PMC6457867. DOI: 10.1002/14651858.CD001069.pub5.
	Gao H, Gao H, Xu G, et al. Efficacy and safety of repeated oral sucrose for repeated procedural pain in neonates: a systematic review[J]. Int J Nurs Stud, 2016, 62: 118-125. PMID: 27474944. DOI: 10.1016/j.ijnurstu.2016.07.015.
	Palazzi A, Nunes CC, Piccinini CA. Music therapy and musical stimulation in the context of prematurity: a narrative literature review from 2010-2015[J]. J Clin Nurs, 2018, 27(1-2): e1-e20. PMID: 28544065. DOI: 10.1111/jocn.13893.
	Ting B, Tsai CL, Hsu WT, et al. Music intervention for pain control in the pediatric population: a systematic review and meta-analysis[J]. J Clin Med, 2022, 11(4): 991. PMID: 35207263. PMCID: PMC8877634. DOI: 10.3390/jcm11040991.
	van Dokkum NH, Jaschke AC, Ravensbergen AG, et al. Feasibility of live-performed music therapy for extremely and very preterm infants in a tertiary NICU[J]. Front Pediatr, 2020, 8: 581372. PMID: 33178653. PMCID: PMC7596259. DOI: 10.3389/fped.2020.581372.
	108 李倩, 涂素华, 李雨昕, 等. 早期听觉刺激干预对NICU早产儿影响的研究现状[J]. 中国护理管理, 2020, 20(1): 136-139. DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1672-1756.2020.01.028.
	109 李凤妮, 李小容, 李宁, 等. 母亲声音刺激在早产儿护理中的研究进展[J]. 护理学杂志, 2016, 31(15): 97-100. DOI: 10.3870/j.issn.1001-4152.2016.15.097.
	Williamson S, McGrath JM. What are the effects of the maternal voice on preterm infants in the NICU?[J]. Adv Neonatal Care, 2019, 19(4): 294-310. PMID: 31335378. DOI: 10.1097/ANC.0000000000000578.
	111 连冬梅, 张东颖, 孙静, 等. 母亲声音对减轻新生儿操作性疼痛效果的Meta分析[J]. 中国护理管理, 2021, 21(3): 380-387. DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1672-1756.2021.03.012.
	Johnston C, Campbell-Yeo M, Disher T, et al. Skin-to-skin care for procedural pain in neonates[J]. Cochrane Database Syst Rev, 2017, 2(2): CD008435. PMID: 28205208. PMCID: PMC6464258. DOI: 10.1002/14651858.CD008435.pub3.
	113 曾欣, 李丽玲, 胡晓静. 国外早产儿父亲实施袋鼠式护理的研究进展及启示[J]. 中华护理杂志, 2022, 57(15): 1898-1903. DOI: 10.3761/j.issn.0254-1769.2022.15.016.
	Chan GJ, Valsangkar B, Kajeepeta S, et al. What is kangaroo mother care? Systematic review of the literature[J]. J Glob Health, 2016, 6(1): 010701. PMID: 27231546. PMCID: PMC4871067. DOI: 10.7189/jogh.06.010701.
	Boundy EO, Dastjerdi R, Spiegelman D, et al. Kangaroo mother care and neonatal outcomes: a meta-analysis[J]. Pediatrics, 2016, 137(1): e20152238. PMID: 26702029. PMCID: PMC4702019. DOI: 10.1542/peds.2015-2238.
	Liu X, Li Z, Chen X, et al. Utilization pattern of kangaroo mother care after introduction in eight selected neonatal intensive care units in China[J]. BMC Pediatr, 2020, 20(1): 260. PMID: 32471391. PMCID: PMC7257127. DOI: 10.1186/s12887-020-02153-2.
	Charpak N, Montealegre-Pomar A, Bohorquez A. Systematic review and meta-analysis suggest that the duration of kangaroo mother care has a direct impact on neonatal growth[J]. Acta Paediatr, 2021, 110(1): 45-59. PMID: 32683720. DOI: 10.1111/apa.15489.
	Eissler AB, Zwakhalen S, Stoffel L, et al. Systematic review of the effectiveness of involving parents during painful interventions for their preterm infants[J]. J Obstet Gynecol Neonatal Nurs, 2022, 51(1): 6-15. PMID: 34627734. DOI: 10.1016/j.jogn.2021.08.100.
	Harrison D, Reszel J, Bueno M, et al. Breastfeeding for procedural pain in infants beyond the neonatal period[J]. Cochrane Database Syst Rev, 2016, 10(10): CD011248. PMID: 27792244. PMCID: PMC6461192. DOI: 10.1002/14651858.CD011248.pub2.
	Shah PS, Herbozo C, Aliwalas LL, et al. Breastfeeding or breast milk for procedural pain in neonates[J]. Cochrane Database Syst Rev, 2012, 12: CD004950. PMID: 23235618. DOI: 10.1002/14651858.CD004950.pub3.
	121 杨漂羽, 施姝澎, 张玉侠, 等. 住院新生儿母乳喂养循证指南的改编及评价[J]. 中华护理杂志, 2018, 53(1): 57-64. DOI: 10.3761/j.issn.0254-1769.2018.01.011.
	Corff KE, Seideman R, Venkataraman PS, et al. Facilitated tucking: a nonpharmacologic comfort measure for pain in preterm neonates[J]. J Obstet Gynecol Neonatal Nurs, 1995, 24(2): 143-147. PMID: 7745488. DOI: 10.1111/j.1552-6909.1995.tb02456.x.
	Francisco ASPG, Montemezzo D, Ribeiro SNDS, et al. Positioning effects for procedural pain relief in NICU: systematic review[J]. Pain Manag Nurs, 2021, 22(2): 121-132. PMID: 32863161. DOI: 10.1016/j.pmn.2020.07.006.
	Cignacco E, Axelin A, Stoffel L, et al. Facilitated tucking as a non-pharmacological intervention for neonatal pain relief: is it clinically feasible?[J]. Acta Paediatr, 2010, 99(12): 1763-1765. PMID: 20618166. DOI: 10.1111/j.1651-2227.2010.01941.x.
	125 任妍, 巫霞, 文荣康, 等. 城市新生儿医疗服务资源现状与管理对策——基于成都市新生儿医疗服务资源调查的实证研究[J]. 中国卫生事业管理, 2016, 33(6): 426-428.
	Gomes Neto M, da Silva Lopes IA, Araujo ACCLM, et al. The effect of facilitated tucking position during painful procedure in pain management of preterm infants in neonatal intensive care unit: a systematic review and meta-analysis[J]. Eur J Pediatr, 2020, 179(5): 699-709. PMID: 32222816. DOI: 10.1007/s00431-020-03640-5.
	De Clifford-Faugere G, Lavallée A, Khadra C, et al. Systematic review and meta-analysis of olfactive stimulation interventions to manage procedural pain in preterm and full-term neonates[J]. Int J Nurs Stud, 2020, 110: 103697. PMID: 32738721. DOI: 10.1016/j.ijnurstu.2020.103697.
	128 王茹霞, 宁时安, 陈京立. 嗅觉刺激在早产儿护理中的应用研究进展[J]. 解放军护理杂志, 2021, 38(8): 75-77. DOI: 10.3969/ji.ssn.1008-9993.2021.08.020.
	Marlier L, Gaugler C, Astruc D, et al. The olfactory sensitivity of the premature newborn[J]. Arch Pediatr, 2007, 14(1): 45-53. PMID: 17046221. DOI: 10.1016/j.arcped.2006.09.006.
	130 Browne JV. Chemosensory development in the fetus and newborn[J]. Newborn Infant Nurs Rev, 2008, 8(4): 180-186. DOI: 10.1053/j.nainr.2008.10.009.
	Papotto N, Reithofer S, Baumert K, et al. Olfactory stimulation inhibits nociceptive signal processing at the input stage of the central trigeminal system[J]. Neuroscience, 2021, 479: 35-47. PMID: 34695536. DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2021.10.018.
	L?tsch J, H?hner A, Gossrau G, et al. Smell of pain: intersection of nociception and olfaction[J]. Pain, 2016, 157(10): 2152-2157. PMID: 27152690. DOI: 10.1097/j.pain.0000000000000599.
	Zhang S, Su F, Li J, et al. The analgesic effects of maternal milk odor on newborns: a meta-analysis[J]. Breastfeed Med, 2018, 13(5): 327-334. PMID: 29733222. DOI: 10.1089/bfm.2017.0226.
	Juuj?rvi S, Saarela T, Pokka T, et al. Intravenous paracetamol for neonates: long-term diseases not escalated during 5 years of follow-up[J]. Arch Dis Child Fetal Neonatal Ed, 2021, 106(2): 178-183. PMID: 32943529. DOI: 10.1136/archdischild-2020-319069.
	Chiew AL, Reith D, Pomerleau A, et al. Updated guidelines for the management of paracetamol poisoning in Australia and New Zealand[J]. Med J Aust, 2020, 212(4): 175-183. PMID: 31786822. DOI: 10.5694/mja2.50428.
	136 中华医学会麻醉学分会. 2017版中国麻醉学指南与专家共识[M]. 北京: 人民卫生出版社, 2017.
	Agakidou E, Tsoni K, Stathopoulou T, et al. Changes in physicians' perceptions and practices on neonatal pain management over the past 20 years. A survey conducted at two time-points[J]. Front Pediatr, 2021, 9: 667806. PMID: 34150688. PMCID: PMC8211759. DOI: 10.3389/fped.2021.667806.
	Bellù R, Romantsik O, Nava C, et al. Opioids for newborn infants receiving mechanical ventilation[J]. Cochrane Database Syst Rev, 2021, 3(3): CD013732. PMID: 33729556. PMCID: PMC8121090. DOI: 10.1002/14651858.CD013732.pub2.
	Gao H, Gao H, Li M, et al. Morphine use in the neonatal period and later neuropsychological development: a systematic review[J]. Dev Med Child Neurol, 2021, 63(1): 22-28. PMID: 33078421. DOI: 10.1111/dmcn.14703.
	140 朱塞佩·博诺科雷, 卡洛·瓦莱里奥·伯利尼. 新生儿疼痛: 胎儿与新生儿的疼痛、痛苦及脑损伤风险[M]. 2版. 卢国林, 张龙新, 周敏, 译. 上海: 世界图书出版公司, 2021.
	141 姜红华. 阿片类药物在新生儿镇痛中的应用[J]. 国际儿科学杂志, 2011, 38(3): 1673-4408. DOI: 10.3760/cma.j.issn.1673-4408.2011.03.019.
	Ancora G, Lago P, Garetti E, et al. Evidence-based clinical guidelines on analgesia and sedation in newborn infants undergoing assisted ventilation and endotracheal intubation[J]. Acta Paediatr, 2019, 108(2): 208-217. PMID: 30290021. DOI: 10.1111/apa.14606.
	143 纪洪波. 儿童镇痛药物应用新进展[J]. 包头医学院学报, 2021, 37(9): 128-132. DOI: 10.16833/j.cnki.jbmc.2021.09.028.
	Foster JP, Taylor C, Spence K. Topical anaesthesia for needle-related pain in newborn infants[J]. Cochrane Database Syst Rev, 2017, 2(2): CD010331. PMID: 28160271. PMCID: PMC6464546. DOI: 10.1002/14651858.CD010331.pub2.
	145 Reddy RHV, Rajan A, Aroor AR. Eutectic mixture of prilocaine and lignocaine (2.5%) versus 5% lignocaine versus placebo for pain relief in new-borns undergoing venipuncture: a hospital based, double blind randomised case control study[J]. Int J Contemp Pediatrics, 2019, 6(3): 1-5. DOI: 10.18203/2349-3291.ijcp20191007.
	Rossi S, Buonocore G, Bellieni CV. Management of pain in newborn circumcision: a systematic review[J]. Eur J Pediatr, 2021, 180(1): 13-20. PMID: 32748017. PMCID: PMC7782363. DOI: 10.1007/s00431-020-03758-6.
	Soliman H, Elsharkawy A, Abdel-Hady H. Does topical lidocaine reduce the pain associated with the insertion of nasal continuous positive airway pressure prongs in preterm infants?: a randomized, controlled pilot trial[J]. Clin J Pain, 2016, 32(11): 948-954. PMID: 26710224. DOI: 10.1097/AJP.0000000000000341.
	Thirunavukarasu AJ, Hassan R, Savant SV, et al. Analgesia for retinopathy of prematurity screening: a systematic review[J]. Pain Pract, 2022, 22(7): 642-651. PMID: 35703418. PMCID: PMC9543288. DOI: 10.1111/papr.13138.
	Dempsey E, McCreery K. Local anaesthetic eye drops for prevention of pain in preterm infants undergoing screening for retinopathy of prematurity[J]. Cochrane Database Syst Rev, 2011(9): CD007645. PMID: 21901708. DOI: 10.1002/14651858.CD007645.pub2.
	150 周菁鑫, 严洁, 俞群. 父母参与新生儿疼痛管理的研究进展[J]. 中国护理管理, 2019, 19(1): 151-155. DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1672-1756.2019.01.034.
	Yasmeen I, Krewulak KD, Zhang C, et al. The effect of caregiver-facilitated pain management interventions in hospitalized patients on patient, caregiver, provider, and health system outcomes: a systematic review[J]. J Pain Symptom Manage, 2020, 60(5): 1034-1046.e47. PMID: 32615297. DOI: 10.1016/j.jpainsymman.2020.06.030.
	McNair C, Chinian N, Shah V, et al. Metasynthesis of factors that influence parents' participation in pain management for their infants in the NICU[J]. J Obstet Gynecol Neonatal Nurs, 2020, 49(3): 263-271. PMID: 32277879. DOI: 10.1016/j.jogn.2020.02.007.
	153 李加宁, 韩红芳. 用护理观察关键要素标准规范护理记录[J]. 中华护理杂志, 2009, 44(9): 831-833. DOI: 10.3761/j.issn.0254-1769.2009.09.025.
	154 孙霁雯, 楼建华, 沈南平. 护理记录结构化标准化的反思[J]. 解放军护理杂志, 2015, 32(23): 35-37. DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1008-9993.2015.23.010.