Advances in the diagnosis and treatment of phosphomannomutase 2 deficiency
ZHOU Shu-Yan
Department of Gastroenterology, Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University/National Clinical Research Center for Child Health and Disorders/Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Child Development and Disorders/Chongqing Key Laboratory of Pediatrics, Chongqing 400014, China
Abstract Phosphomannomutase 2 deficiency is the most common form of N-glycosylation disorders and is also known as phosphomannomutase 2-congenital disorder of glycosylation (PMM2-CDG). It is an autosomal recessive disease with multi-system involvements and is caused by mutations in the PMM2 gene (OMIM: 601785), with varying severities in individuals. At present, there is still no specific therapy for PMM2-CDG, and early identification, early diagnosis, and early treatment can effectively prolong the life span of pediatric patients. This article reviews the advances in the diagnosis and treatment of PMM2-CDG.
Pajusalu S, Vals MA, Mihkla L, et al. The estimated prevalence of N-linked congenital disorders of glycosylation across various populations based on allele frequencies in general population databases[J]. Front Genet, 2021, 12: 719437. PMID: 34447415. PMCID: PMC8383291. DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2021.719437.
de Diego V, Martínez-Monseny AF, Muchart J, et al. Longitudinal volumetric and 2D assessment of cerebellar atrophy in a large cohort of children with phosphomannomutase deficiency (PMM2-CDG)[J]. J Inherit Metab Dis, 2017, 40(5): 709-713. PMID: 28341975. DOI: 10.1007/s10545-017-0028-4.
Feraco P, Mirabelli-Badenier M, Severino M, et al. The shrunken, bright cerebellum: a characteristic MRI finding in congenital disorders of glycosylation type 1a[J]. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol, 2012, 33(11): 2062-2067. PMID: 22723063. PMCID: PMC7965601. DOI: 10.3174/ajnr.A3151.
Pettinato F, Mostile G, Battini R, et al. Clinical and radiological correlates of activities of daily living in cerebellar atrophy caused by PMM2 mutations (PMM2-CDG)[J]. Cerebellum, 2021, 20(4): 596-605. PMID: 33619652. PMCID: PMC8360885. DOI: 10.1007/s12311-021-01242-x.
Bogdańska A, Lipiński P, Szymańska-Ro?ek P, et al. Clinical, biochemical and molecular phenotype of congenital disorders of glycosylation: long-term follow-up[J]. Orphanet J Rare Dis, 2021, 16(1): 17. PMID: 33407696. PMCID: PMC7789416. DOI: 10.1186/s13023-020-01657-5.
Schiff M, Roda C, Monin ML, et al. Clinical, laboratory and molecular findings and long-term follow-up data in 96 French patients with PMM2-CDG (phosphomannomutase 2-congenital disorder of glycosylation) and review of the literature[J]. J Med Genet, 2017, 54(12): 843-851. PMID: 28954837. DOI: 10.1136/jmedgenet-2017-104903.
Witters P, Honzik T, Bauchart E, et al. Long-term follow-up in PMM2-CDG: are we ready to start treatment trials?[J]. Genet Med, 2019, 21(5): 1181-1188. PMID: 30293989. DOI: 10.1038/s41436-018-0301-4.
Al-Maawali AA, Miller E, Schulze A, et al. Subcutaneous fat pads on body MRI—an early sign of congenital disorder of glycosylation PMM2-CDG (CDG1a)[J]. Pediatr Radiol, 2014, 44(2): 222-225. PMID: 24037084. DOI: 10.1007/s00247-013-2782-2.
Starosta RT, Boyer S, Tahata S, et al. Liver manifestations in a cohort of 39 patients with congenital disorders of glycosylation: pin-pointing the characteristics of liver injury and proposing recommendations for follow-up[J]. Orphanet J Rare Dis, 2021, 16(1): 20. PMID: 33413482. PMCID: PMC7788939. DOI: 10.1186/s13023-020-01630-2.
Altassan R, Péanne R, Jaeken J, et al. International clinical guidelines for the management of phosphomannomutase 2-congenital disorders of glycosylation: diagnosis, treatment and follow up[J]. J Inherit Metab Dis, 2019, 42(1): 5-28. PMID: 30740725. DOI: 10.1002/jimd.12024.
Macchia PE, Harrison HH, Scherberg NH, et al. Thyroid function tests and characterization of thyroxine-binding globulin in the carbohydrate-deficient glycoprotein syndrome type I[J]. J Clin Endocrinol Metab, 1995, 80(12): 3744-3749. PMID: 8530628. DOI: 10.1210/jcem.80.12.8530628.
Yuste-Checa P, Gámez A, Brasil S, et al. The effects of PMM2-CDG-causing mutations on the folding, activity, and stability of the PMM2 protein[J]. Hum Mutat, 2015, 36(9): 851-860. PMID: 26014514. DOI: 10.1002/humu.22817.
29 Lam C, Krasnewich DM. PMM2-CDG[M]. Adam MP, Everman DB, Mirzaa GM, et al. GeneReviews?[Internet]. Seattle (WA): University of Washington, Seattle, 1993.
Iyer S, Sam FS, DiPrimio N, et al. Repurposing the aldose reductase inhibitor and diabetic neuropathy drug epalrestat for the congenital disorder of glycosylation PMM2-CDG[J]. Dis Model Mech, 2019, 12(11): dmm040584. PMID: 31636082. PMCID: PMC6899038. DOI: 10.1242/dmm.040584.
Liguori L, Monticelli M, Allocca M, et al. Pharmacological chaperones: a therapeutic approach for diseases caused by destabilizing missense mutations[J]. Int J Mol Sci, 2020, 21(2): 489. PMID: 31940970. PMCID: PMC7014102. DOI: 10.3390/ijms21020489.
Briso-Montiano A, del Ca?o-Ochoa F, Vilas A, et al. Insight on molecular pathogenesis and pharmacochaperoning potential in phosphomannomutase 2 deficiency, provided by novel human phosphomannomutase 2 structures[J]. J Inherit Metab Dis, 2022, 45(2): 318-333. PMID: 34859900. DOI: 10.1002/jimd.12461.
Monticelli M, Liguori L, Allocca M, et al. β-glucose-1,6-bisphosphate stabilizes pathological phophomannomutase2 mutants in vitro and represents a lead compound to develop pharmacological chaperones for the most common disorder of glycosylation, PMM2-CDG[J]. Int J Mol Sci, 2019, 20(17): 4164. PMID: 31454904. PMCID: PMC6747070. DOI: 10.3390/ijms20174164.
Vilas A, Yuste-Checa P, Gallego D, et al. Proteostasis regulators as potential rescuers of PMM2 activity[J]. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Basis Dis, 2020, 1866(7): 165777. PMID: 32222543. DOI: 10.1016/j.bbadis.2020.165777.
Martínez-Monseny AF, Bolasell M, Callejón-Póo L, et al. AZATAX: acetazolamide safety and efficacy in cerebellar syndrome in PMM2 congenital disorder of glycosylation (PMM2-CDG)[J]. Ann Neurol, 2019, 85(5): 740-751. PMID: 30873657. DOI: 10.1002/ana.25457.