A multi-center epidemiological study on pneumococcal meningitis in children from 2019 to 2020
WANG Cai-Yun, XU Hong-Mei, LIU Gang, LIU Jing, YU Hui, CHEN Bi-Quan, ZHENG Guo, SHU Min, DU Li-Jun, XU Zhi-Wei, HUANG Li-Su, LI Hai-Bo, WANG Dong, BAI Song-Ting, SHAN Qing-Wen, ZHU Chun-Hui, TIAN Jian-Mei, HAO Jian-Hua, LIN Ai-Wei, LIN Dao-Jiong, WU Jin-Zhun, ZHANG Xin-Hua, CAO Qing, TAO Zhong-Bin, CHEN Yuan, ZHU Guo-Long, XUE Ping, TANG Zheng-Zhen, SU Xue-Wen, QU Zheng-Hai, ZHAO Shi-Yong, PANG Lin, DENG Hui-Ling, SHU Sai-Nan, CHEN Ying-Hu
Department of Infectious Diseases, Children′s Hospital of Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310052, China (Chen Y-H, Email: cyh18@zju.edu.cn)
Abstract Objective To investigate the clinical characteristics and prognosis of pneumococcal meningitis (PM), and drug sensitivity of Streptococcus pneumoniae (SP) isolates in Chinese children. Methods A retrospective analysis was conducted on clinical information, laboratory data, and microbiological data of 160 hospitalized children under 15 years old with PM from January 2019 to December 2020 in 33 tertiary hospitals across the country. Results Among the 160 children with PM, there were 103 males and 57 females. The age ranged from 15 days to 15 years, with 109 cases (68.1%) aged 3 months to under 3 years. SP strains were isolated from 95 cases (59.4%) in cerebrospinal fluid cultures and from 57 cases (35.6%) in blood cultures. The positive rates of SP detection by cerebrospinal fluid metagenomic next-generation sequencing and cerebrospinal fluid SP antigen testing were 40% (35/87) and 27% (21/78), respectively. Fifty-five cases (34.4%) had one or more risk factors for purulent meningitis, 113 cases (70.6%) had one or more extra-cranial infectious foci, and 18 cases (11.3%) had underlying diseases. The most common clinical symptoms were fever (147 cases, 91.9%), followed by lethargy (98 cases, 61.3%) and vomiting (61 cases, 38.1%). Sixty-nine cases (43.1%) experienced intracranial complications during hospitalization, with subdural effusion and/or empyema being the most common complication [43 cases (26.9%)], followed by hydrocephalus in 24 cases (15.0%), brain abscess in 23 cases (14.4%), and cerebral hemorrhage in 8 cases (5.0%). Subdural effusion and/or empyema and hydrocephalus mainly occurred in children under 1 year old, with rates of 91% (39/43) and 83% (20/24), respectively. SP strains exhibited complete sensitivity to vancomycin (100%, 75/75), linezolid (100%, 56/56), and meropenem (100%, 6/6). High sensitivity rates were also observed for levofloxacin (81%, 22/27), moxifloxacin (82%, 14/17), rifampicin (96%, 25/26), and chloramphenicol (91%, 21/23). However, low sensitivity rates were found for penicillin (16%, 11/68) and clindamycin (6%, 1/17), and SP strains were completely resistant to erythromycin (100%, 31/31). The rates of discharge with cure and improvement were 22.5% (36/160) and 66.2% (106/160), respectively, while 18 cases (11.3%) had adverse outcomes. Conclusions Pediatric PM is more common in children aged 3 months to under 3 years. Intracranial complications are more frequently observed in children under 1 year old. Fever is the most common clinical manifestation of PM, and subdural effusion/emphysema and hydrocephalus are the most frequent complications. Non-culture detection methods for cerebrospinal fluid can improve pathogen detection rates. Adverse outcomes can be noted in more than 10% of PM cases. SP strains are high sensitivity to vancomycin, linezolid, meropenem, levofloxacin, moxifloxacin, rifampicin, and chloramphenicol.
WANG Cai-Yun,XU Hong-Mei,LIU Gang et al. A multi-center epidemiological study on pneumococcal meningitis in children from 2019 to 2020[J]. CJCP, 2024, 26(2): 131-138.
WANG Cai-Yun,XU Hong-Mei,LIU Gang et al. A multi-center epidemiological study on pneumococcal meningitis in children from 2019 to 2020[J]. CJCP, 2024, 26(2): 131-138.
Guo LY, Zhang ZX, Wang X, et al. Clinical and pathogenic analysis of 507 children with bacterial meningitis in Beijing, 2010-2014[J]. Int J Infect Dis, 2016, 50: 38-43. PMID: 27452172. DOI: 10.1016/j.ijid.2016.07.010.
Li C, Feng WY, Lin AW, et al. Clinical characteristics and etiology of bacterial meningitis in Chinese children >28 days of age, January 2014–December 2016: a multicenter retrospective study[J]. Int J Infect Dis, 2018, 74: 47-53. PMID: 30100536. DOI: 10.1016/j.ijid.2018.06.023.
3 World Health Organization. Pneumococcal conjugate vaccines in infants and children under 5 years of age: WHO position paper—February 2019[J]. Wkly Epidemiol Rec, 2019, 94(8): 85-103.
4 World Health Organization. Immunization coverage[EB/OL]. (2023-07-18)[2022-12-10]. https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/immunization-coverage.
GBD 2016 Causes of Death Collaborators. Global, regional, and national age-sex specific mortality for 264 causes of death, 1980-2016: a systematic analysis for the global burden of disease study 2016[J]. Lancet, 2017, 390(10100): 1151-1210. PMID: 28919116. PMCID: PMC5605883. DOI: 10.1016/S0140-6736(17)32152-9.
Hénaff F, Levy C, Cohen R, et al. Risk factors in children older than 5 years with pneumococcal meningitis: data from a national network[J]. Pediatr Infect Dis J, 2017, 36(5): 457-461. PMID: 28403047. DOI: 10.1097/INF.0000000000001470.
GBD 2016 Neurology Collaborators. Global, regional, and national burden of neurological disorders, 1990-2016: a systematic analysis for the global burden of disease study 2016[J]. Lancet Neurol, 2019, 18(5): 459-480. PMID: 30879893. PMCID: PMC6459001. DOI: 10.1016/S1474-4422(18)30499-X.
GBD 2016 Brain and Other CNS Cancer Collaborators. Global, regional, and national burden of brain and other CNS cancer, 1990-2016: a systematic analysis for the global burden of disease study 2016[J]. Lancet Neurol, 2019, 18(4): 376-393. PMID: 30797715. PMCID: PMC6416167. DOI: 10.1016/S1474-4422(18)30468-X.
