Abstract OBJECTIVE: The effects of sleep deprivation on the immature brain remain unknown. Based on a computer controlled chronic sleep deprivation animal model, the effects of chronic partial sleep deprivation on growth, learning and memory in young rats were explored. METHODS: Twelve weaned male Spraque-Dawley rats (3-week-old) were randomly divided into sleep deprivation, test control and blank control groups. Sleep deprivation was performed using computer-controlled "disc-over-water" technique at 8-11 am daily, for 14 days. The temperature and weights were measured every 7 days. Morris water maze was used to test spatial learning and memory abilities before and 7 and 14 days after sleep deprivation. After 14 days of sleep deprivation, the rats were sacrificed for weighting their major organs. RESULTS: After 14 days of sleep deprivation, the rats' temperature increased significantly. During the sleep deprivation, the rate of weight gain in the sleep deprivation group was much slower than that in the test control and blank control groups. The thymus of the rats subjected to sleep deprivation was much lighter than that of the blank control group. After 7 days of sleep deprivation, the rats showed slower acquisition of reference memory, but were capable of successfully performing the task by repeated exposure to the test. Such impairment of reference memory was not seen 14 days after sleep deprivation. CONCLUSIONS: Chronic sleep deprivation can affect growth of immature rats, as well as their abilities to acquire spatial reference memory.［Chin J Contemp Pediatr, 2009, 11 (2):128-132］
JIANG Fan,SHEN Xiao-Ming,LI Sheng-Hui et al. Effects of chronic partial sleep deprivation on growth and learning/memory in young rats[J]. 中国当代儿科杂志, 2009, 11(02): 128-132.
JIANG Fan,SHEN Xiao-Ming,LI Sheng-Hui et al. Effects of chronic partial sleep deprivation on growth and learning/memory in young rats[J]. CJCP, 2009, 11(02): 128-132.
［1］Lam LT, Yang L. Short duration of sleep and unintentional injuries among adolescents in China ［J］. Am J Epidemiol, 2007, 166(9):1053-1058.
［2］Smaldone A, Honig JC, Byrne MW. Sleepless in America: inadequate sleep and relationships to health and well-being of our nation′s children［J］. Pediatrics, 2007, 119(S1):S29-S37.
［3］Chee MWL, Chuah YLM. Functional neuroimaging and behavioral correlates of capacity decline in visual short-term memory after sleep deprivation ［J］. PNAS, 2007, 104(22):9487-9492.
［4］Van Dongen HPA, Maislin G, Mullington JM, Dinges DF. The cumulative cost of additional wakefulness: dose-response effects on neurobehavioral functions and sleep physiology from chronic sleep restriction and total sleep deprivation ［J］. Sleep, 2003, 26(2):117-126.
［5］Kim Y, Laposky AD, Bergmann BM, Turek FW. Repeated sleep restriction in rats leads to homeostatic and allostatic responses during recovery sleep ［J］. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA, 2007, 104(25): 10697-10702.
［6］Zager A, Andersen ML, Ruiz FS, Antunes IB, Tufik S. Effects of acute and chronic sleep loss on immune modulation of rats［J］. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol, 2007, 293(1):R504-509.
［7］Feng PF. Neonates ［M］. // Kushida CA. Sleep deprivation, clinical issues, pharmacology and sleep losts effect. New York: Marcel Dekker, 2005, 121-150.
［8］Youngblood BD, Smagin GN, Elkins PD, Ryan DH, Harris RB. The effects of paradoxical sleep deprivation and valine on spatial learning and brain 5-HT metabolism［J］. Physiol Behav, 1999, 67(5):643-649.
［9］Rampin C, Cespuglio R, Chastrette N, Jouvet M. Immobilisation stress induces a paradoxical sleep rebound in rat［J］. Neurosci Lett, 1991, 126(2):113-118.
［10］Datta S, Mavanji V, Ulloor J, Patterson EH. Activation of phasic pontine-wave generator prevents rapid eye movement sleep deprivationinduced learning impairment in the rat:a mechanism for sleep-dependent plasticity［J］. J Neurosci, 2004, 24(6):1416-1427.
［11］McDermott CM, LaHoste GJ, Chen C, Musto A, Bazan NG, Magee JC. Sleep deprivation causes behavioral, synaptic, and membrane excitability alterations in hippocampal neurons［J］. J Neurosci, 2003, 23(29):9687-9695.
［12］Guan Z, Peng X, Fang J. Sleep deprivation impairs spatial memory and decreases extracellular signal-regulated kinase phosphorylation in the hippocampus［J］. Brain Res, 2004, 1018(1):38-47.
［13］Cantero JL, Atienza M, Stickgold R, Kahana MJ, Madsen JR, Kocsis B. Sleep-dependent theta oscillations in the hippocampus and neocortex［J］. J Neurosci, 2003, 23(34):10897-10903.
［14］Everson CA, Bergmann BM, Rechtschaffen A. Sleep deprivation in the rat: III. Total sleep deprivation［J］. Sleep, 1989, 12(1):13-21.
［15］Packard MG, Teather LA. Amygdala modulation of multiple memory systems: hippocampus and caudate-putamen ［J］. Neurobiol Learn Mem, 1998, 69(2):163-203.
