目的 分析支气管哮喘急性发作患儿的呼吸道病原体检出情况及临床特征。方法 收集2017年8月至2019年8月门诊及住院支气管哮喘急性发作的225例 < 14岁患儿的鼻咽拭子，采用荧光定量PCR法检测12种病原体，包括呼吸道合胞病毒（RSV）、人鼻病毒（HRV）、流感病毒A（IFVA）、流感病毒B（IFVB）、副流感病毒1~3型（PIV1~3）、人偏肺病毒（HMPV）、腺病毒（ADV）9种病毒，以及百日咳杆菌（BP）、肺炎衣原体（CP）、肺炎支原体（MP）。结果 病毒总检出阳性率为46.2%（104/225），共检出7种病毒，依次为HRV（19.6%，44/225）、ADV（16.0%，36/225）、IFVB（5.8%，13/225）、RSV（4.9%，11/225）、IFVA（3.6%，8/225）、PIV3（1.8%，4/225）、HMPV（0.4%，1/225）。所有病原体中BP检出率最高，为28.4%（64/225），MP检出率为16.4%（37/225），CP检出率为0.4%（1/225）。哮喘轻度发作组BP检出率高于重度发作组（P < 0.05）；重度发作组RSV和MP检出率高于轻度发作组（P < 0.05）。单纯BP感染、单纯病毒感染、单纯MP感染3组间阵发性咳嗽、痉挛样咳嗽、发热、肺部啰音的患儿比例及肺部影像阳性检出率的比较差异有统计学意义（P < 0.05）。结论 支气管哮喘急性发作患儿常见的呼吸道病原体为BP、HRV、MP；呼吸道病毒感染是儿童哮喘急性发作的重要病原体。不同病原体引起哮喘急性发作的临床特征及严重程度有一定差异。

Objective To investigate the respiratory pathogens and clinical features in children with acute exacerbation of bronchial asthma. Methods Nasopharyngeal swabs were collected from 225 children with acute exacerbation of bronchial asthma, aged < 14 years, who attended the outpatient service or were hospitalized from August 2017 to August 2019. Quantitative real-time PCR was used to detect 12 pathogens, i.e., respiratory syncytial virus (RSV), human rhinovirus (HRV), influenza virus A (IFVA), influenza virus B (IFVB), parainfluenza virus types 1-3 (PIV1-3), human metapneumovirus (HMPV), adenovirus (ADV), Bordetella pertussis (BP), Chlamydia pneumoniae (CP), and Mycoplasma pneumoniae (MP). Results The overall detection rate of virus was 46.2% (104/225), and 7 kinds of viruses were detected, i.e., HRV (19.6%, 44/225), ADV (16.0%, 36/225), IFVB (5.8%, 13/225), RSV (4.9%, 11/225), IFVA (3.6%, 8/225), PIV3 (1.8%, 4/225), and HMPV (0.4%, 1/225). Of all pathogens, BP had the highest detection rate of 28.4% (64/225), and the detection rates of MP and CP were 16.4% (37/225) and 0.4% (1/225), respectively. The mild exacerbation group had a higher detection rate of BP than the severe exacerbation group (P < 0.05), while the severe exacerbation group had significantly higher detection rates of RSV and MP than the mild exacerbation group (P < 0.05). There were significant differences in the proportion of children with paroxysmal cough, spasmodic cough, fever, lung rales and abnormal lung imaging findings among the simple BP infection, simple virus infection and simple MP infection groups (P < 0.05). Conclusions BP, HRV, and MP are common respiratory pathogens detected in children with acute exacerbation of bronchial asthma, and respiratory virus infection is an important pathogen of acute exacerbation of asthma in children. Acute exacerbation of asthma caused by different pathogens has different clinical features and severities.