目的 评估单气囊和双气囊小肠镜检查术在儿童小肠疾病诊断中的应用效果，并利用小肠镜检查术评估小肠CT造影（computed tomography enterography, CTE）对小肠疾病的诊断效能。 方法 回顾性收集576例2017年1月—2023年12月在湖南省儿童医院行小肠镜检查术患儿的临床资料。根据小肠镜型号的不同，分为单气囊小肠镜检查术组（single-balloon enteroscopy, SBE）（n=457）和双气囊小肠镜检查术组（double-balloon enteroscopy, DBE）（n=119），比较两组的临床资料。同时以小肠镜检查结果为标准，评估CTE对诊断小肠疾病的灵敏度和特异度。 结果 576例患儿中，小肠镜检查发现274例（47.6%）有小肠病变。SBE组和DBE组小肠病变检出率和小肠镜检查术相关并发症发生率的差异均无统计学意义（P>0.05），但DBE组比SBE组进镜更深，操作时间更长，全小肠检查率更高（P<0.05）。小肠镜检查术中并发症的发生率为4.3%（25/576），其中18例（3.1%）为轻度并发症，7例（1.2%）为重度并发症，通过对症治疗、外科或内镜手术好转。412例进行了CTE，CTE对诊断小肠疾病的灵敏度为44.4%，特异度为71.3%。 结论 SBE和DBE对儿童小肠疾病的诊断效能类似，但如怀疑深部小肠病变及需全小肠检查者，建议优先选择DBE。儿童小肠镜检查术的应用具有相对良好的整体安全性。CTE对诊断小肠疾病的灵敏度不高，但特异度相对较高。

Objective To evaluate the effectiveness of single-balloon and double-balloon enteroscopy in diagnosing pediatric small bowel diseases and assess the diagnostic efficacy of computed tomography enterography (CTE) for small bowel diseases using enteroscopy as the reference standard. Methods Clinical data from 576 children who underwent enteroscopy at Hunan Children's Hospital between January 2017 and December 2023 were retrospectively collected. The children were categorized based on enteroscopy type into the single-balloon enteroscopy (SBE) group (n=457) and double-balloon enteroscopy (DBE) group (n=119), and the clinical data were compared between the two groups. The sensitivity and specificity of CTE for diagnosing small bowel diseases were evaluated using enteroscopy results as the standard. Results Among the 576 children, small bowel lesions were detected by enteroscopy in 274 children (47.6%).There was no significant difference in lesion detection rates or complication rates between the SBE and DBE groups (P>0.05), but the DBE group had deeper insertion, longer procedure time, and higher complete small bowel examination rate (P<0.05). The complication rate during enteroscopy was 4.3% (25/576), with 18 cases (3.1%) of mild complications and 7 cases (1.2%) of severe complications, which improved with symptomatic treatment, surgical, or endoscopic intervention. Among the 412 children who underwent CTE, the sensitivity and specificity for diagnosing small bowel diseases were 44.4% and 71.3%, respectively. Conclusions SBE and DBE have similar diagnostic efficacy for pediatric small bowel diseases, but DBE is preferred for suspected deep small bowel lesions and comprehensive small bowel examination. Enteroscopy in children demonstrates relatively good overall safety. CTE demonstrates relatively low sensitivity but comparatively high specificity for diagnosing small bowel diseases.