儿童慢性髓系白血病（chronic myeloid leukemia, CML）相较于成人侵袭性更强，具有独特的分子特征及更易发生CML急性淋巴细胞白血病变的特点。酪氨酸激酶抑制剂（tyrosine kinase inhibitor, TKI）的应用显著改善了儿童CML的预后。该文基于国际国内共识及临床经验，提出儿童CML的规范化诊疗建议，涵盖初始治疗选择、疗效评估、药物转换及不良反应管理。异基因造血干细胞移植（allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation, allo-HSCT）仅推荐用于儿童CML疾病进展或多线TKI治疗失败者。初诊CML加速期推荐以高剂量伊马替尼或二代TKI为初始治疗，达最佳反应者维持治疗，未达标者需更换TKI并考虑allo-HSCT。CML急变期诱导治疗需TKI联合化疗，并以allo-HSCT为核心治愈手段。该文通过3个典型病例，突出儿科CML治疗中常见但具挑战性的问题（应答不佳、药物不能耐受、疾病进展），旨在优化儿童CML治疗策略。此外，对实现无治疗缓解的目标，均需要进一步通过多中心临床研究来解决。

Pediatric chronic myeloid leukemia (CML) is more aggressive than adult CML, with unique molecular characteristics and a higher propensity for lymphoid blast crisis. The application of tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs) has significantly improved the prognosis of pediatric CML. Based on international consensus and clinical experience, this article proposes standardized diagnosis and treatment recommendations for pediatric CML, covering initial therapy selection, efficacy evaluation, drug switching, and management of adverse effects. Allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (allo-HSCT) is recommended only for patients with disease progression or failure of multiple lines of TKI therapy. For children newly diagnosed with CML in accelerated phase, high-dose imatinib or second-generation TKIs are recommended as first-line therapy. Those achieving optimal responses should continue maintenance therapy, while non-responders require switching to alternative TKIs and consider allo-HSCT. For blast-phase CML, induction therapy requires a combination of TKIs and chemotherapy, with allo-HSCT serving as the core curative intervention. This article highlights common but challenging problems (poor response, drug intolerance, and disease progression) in pediatric CML treatment using three typical cases, aiming to optimize treatment strategies. Furthermore, the goal of achieving treatment-free remission needs to be further addressed through multi-center clinical studies.