目的：探讨脐血移植对儿童骨髓增生异常综合征(MDS)的治疗效果。方法：一例12岁MDS患儿行HLA相合的同胞脐血移植，预处理采用BU/CY+ATG方案：马利兰(BU) 1 mg/kg，每6h一次，用2d；环磷酰胺(CY)每日50mg/kg，用4d；抗胸腺球蛋白(ATG)100mg/d，用4d。输入脐血有核细胞2.57×107/kg，CD34+细胞1.18×105/kg。移植物抗宿主病(GVHD)的预防采用环胞菌素A(CsA)+骁悉(MMF)+甲基泼尼松龙(MP)。移植后应用惠尔血、白介素11及重组红细胞生成素以加速造血重建。结果：+21 d粒系植入，+48 d血小板植入，+28 d患者骨髓DNA指纹图示完全嵌合状态。随访11个月，患者各项检查正常，未发生急、慢性GVHD。结论：本例为国内大陆首例成功脐血移植治疗MDS，为今后儿童MDS的治疗积累了经验。

OBJECTIVE: To explore the efficacy of cord blood stem cell transplantation (CBSCT) for treatment of myelodysplastic syndrome (MDS) in children. METHODS: A 12 year old child with MDS received the treatment of HLA matched sibling CBSCT. The pre treatment regimen was “BU/CY+ATG” [busulfan (BU) with the dosage of 1 mg/kg, once every 6 hrs, and 8 times in all; cyclophosphamide (CY) with the dosage of 50 mg/kg daily for 4 days and antihuman thymocyte globulin (ATG) with the dosage of 100 mg daily for 4 days]. After pre treatment, 2.57 ×10 7/kg of cord blood nucleated cells and 1.18 ×10 5/kg of CD 34 positive cells were transplanted into the child with MDS. The combination of cyclosporine A, mycophenolate mofetil and ET methylprednisolone was administrated for prevention of graft versus host disease (GVHD). After transplantation the patient was given a combination of granulocyte colony stimulating factor, interleukin 11 and erythropoietin to promote reconstitution of hematopoiesis. RESULTS: The reconstitution time of granulocyte cell and platelet were respectively 21 days and 48 days. Microsatellite DNA fingerprinting showed a full donor chimerism on day 28 after transplantation. In an 11 month follow up, the patient did not develop GVHD and other transplantation related complications. CONCLUSIONS: It is the first case report in China on the successful treatment of MDS by CBSCT, which can provide guidelines for the future treatment of childhood MDS.