目的：探讨儿童急性早幼粒细胞白血病（APL）的治疗、长期生存和预后因子。方法：对该院1998年4月至2005年10月收治的APL 患儿46例进行临床分析。诱导缓解采用全反式维甲酸(ATRA)＋柔红霉素（DNR）或吡柔吡星（THP），巩固治疗采用大剂量阿糖胞苷与DA(柔红霉素+阿糖胞苷)、HA（高三尖杉酯碱+阿糖胞苷）、EA（足叶乙甙+阿糖胞苷）方案交替给药，维持阶段ATRA与DA，HA，EA方案交替治疗，总疗程为2.5年。结果：39例患儿进行了正规治疗，36例（92.3％）获完全缓解（CR）。39例患儿1年、3年和5年总体生存率（OS）分别为（86.1±5.8）％，（76.1±7.5）％和（70.2±8.9）％，1年、3年、5年的无事件生存率（EFS）分别是（78.4±6.8）％，（63.6±8.7）％和（53.1±10.0）％。5年累积复发率（CIR）28.6％。其中WBC≤10.0×109/L者的5年OS［（81.4±10.3）％］明显高于WBC＞10.0×109/L者［（51.6±14.7）％，P<0.05］。获CR的PML/RARα融合基因短型（S型）的患儿5例最后全部死亡，而长型（L型）患儿13例无死亡发生，两者差异有统计学意义（P<0.01）。结论：ATRA＋DNR或THP诱导缓解治疗儿童APL安全、有效，可以作为初发儿童APL的标准诱导治疗方案。联合蒽环类及阿糖胞苷等药物化疗能明显改善长期生存率。高WBC和S型PML/RARα融合基因阳性的患儿预后不佳。［中国当代儿科杂志，2007，9（1）：28-33］

OBJECTIVE: Acute promyelocytic leukemia (APL) is a specific type of hematopoietic malignancy, accounting for 10% of the de novo acute myeloid leukemia (AML). The data on long-term outcome of APL in children are limited. The aim of this study was to investigate the clinical biological features, diagnosis, prognosis and long-term survival of childhood APL. METHODS: A total of 46 children with newly diagnosed APL from April 1998 to October 2005 were enrolled into this study. Induction treatment containing all-trans retinoic acid (ATRA) plus daunorubicin (DNR) or pirarubicin (THP) was performed on these patients, followed by 6 courses of chemotherapy consolidation: DNR, homoharringtonine or etoposide plus Ara-C. A maintenance therapy was then administered once 3-6 months. The total period of treatment was 2.5 years. RESULTS: Of the 39 patients who had completed the regular treatment, 36 (92.3%) achieved a complete remission. The 5-year cumulative incidence of relapse (CIR) was 28.6%. The estimated overall survival (OS) rates at 1, 3 and 5 years were (86.1±5.8)%, (76.1±7.5)% and (70.2±8.9)％respectively, while the event free survival (EFS) rates were (78.4±6.8)%，(63.6±8.7)% and (53.1±10.0)% respectively. The 5-year OS rate of patients with WBC less than or equal to 10.0×109/L was (81.4±10.3)%, which was significantly higher than that with WBC greater than 10.0×109/L [(51.6±14.7)％, P<0.05]. Five patients with RT-PCR positive for PML/RARα S (short) subtype died eventually although all of them achieved CR, but none of the 13 patients with PML/RARα L (long) subtype died. CONCLUSIONS: Remission induction therapy with ATRA + DNR or THP is effective and safe for newly diagnosed childhood APL. The remission induction therapy combined with chemotherapy containing high/intermediate dose Ara-C can improve the long-term survival rates of APL patients. High WBC count and S subtype of PML-RARa are two poor prognostic factors for children with APL. ［Chin J Contemp Pediatr, 2007, 9 (1):28-33］