目的 了解重庆市主城区大气污染对学龄儿童呼吸系统健康的影响。方法 根据2010~2015年重庆市环保局网站的大气污染数据划分重庆市主城区为污染区和清洁区。按照整群抽样的方法，选择分别位于清洁区、污染区的2所小学3~4年级的儿童共695人为研究对象，其中清洁区313名，污染区382名。对两区儿童进行肺功能检测，并采用美国流行病学标准问卷（AST-DLD-78-C）对两区儿童呼吸系统疾病和症状发生情况进行调查。结果 在春夏秋冬四个季节污染区环境大气污染物可吸入颗粒物（PM₁₀）、细颗粒物（PM_2.5）、氮氧化物（NO_X）浓度均高于清洁区（P < 0.05）。运用多因素logistic回归模型控制混杂因素后，污染区儿童咳嗽（OR=1.644）、感冒时咳嗽（OR=1.596）、感冒时咯痰（OR=2.196）、持续性咯痰（OR=1.802）、喘鸣（OR=2.415）的发生的危险性高于清洁区儿童（P < 0.05）。清洁区女童和男童的用力肺活量、1 s用力呼气容积均高于污染区（P < 0.05）。结论 重庆市主城区大气污染与学龄儿童一些呼吸系统症状的发生增加有关，并对儿童肺功能有一定的影响。

Objective To investigate the effect of air pollution on respiratory health in school-aged children in the main urban area of Chongqing, China. Methods The main urban area of Chongqing was divided into polluted area and clean area according to the air pollution data shown on the Environmental Protection Agency Website of Chongqing between 2010 and 2015. A cluster sampling method was used to select 695 third- or fourth-grade children from 2 primary schools in the clean or polluted area as study subjects, with 313 children from the clean area and 382 children from the polluted area. Pulmonary function was examined for all children and a standard American epidemiological questionnaire (ATS-DLD-78-C) was used to investigate the prevalence of respiratory diseases and symptoms. Results Compared with the clean area, the polluted area had significantly higher concentrations of inhalable particles (PM₁₀), fine particulate matter (PM_2.5), and nitric oxide (NO_X) (P < 0.05). The multivariate logistic regression analysis was performed after adjustment for confounding factors, and the results showed that compared with those in the clean area, the children in the polluted area had significantly higher risks of cough (OR=1.644), cough during cold (OR=1.596), expectoration during cold (OR=2.196), persistent expectoration (OR=1.802), and wheezing (OR=2.415). The boys and girls in the clean area had significantly higher forced vital capacity and forced expiratory volume in one second than those in the polluted area (P < 0.05). Conclusions Air pollution in the main urban area of Chongqing is associated with the increased prevalence of respiratory symptoms in school-aged children and has certain effect on children's pulmonary function.