目的 探讨儿童支气管哮喘合并肺部真菌感染的临床特征，并分析支气管哮喘患儿继发肺部真菌感染的危险因素。方法 回顾性分析2015年1月至2018年6月收治的发生肺部真菌感染（真菌感染组）和未伴肺部真菌感染（对照组）的支气管哮喘患儿各75例的临床资料。记录真菌感染组病原菌分布、临床症状及体征、治疗结局等情况，并采用多因素logistic回归分析肺部真菌感染的危险因素。结果 75例真菌感染组患儿中，共检出69株病原体，其中白色假丝酵母菌检出率最高（61%）。患儿临床症状以咳嗽（93%）、持续高热（56%）、喘息（49%）、呼吸困难（48%）为主；体征则以干湿啰音（43%）、湿啰音（29%）居多，部分患儿伴肝脾肿大。经抗真菌治疗后显效39例，好转26例，无效7例，恶化并死亡3例。多因素logistic回归分析显示，年龄 < 3岁、合并鼻窦炎和/或过敏性鼻炎、住院期间哮喘发作 > 3次、静脉应用糖皮质激素、不规范使用抗生素、机械通气及住院时间长均为哮喘患儿发生肺部真菌感染的独立危险因素（分别OR=4.865、3.241、2.255、3.725、3.568、1.549、3.808，P < 0.05）。结论 对于支气管哮喘患儿，若表现为咳嗽、持续高热，有明显干湿啰音，并合并有肝脾肿大，需高度警惕是否继发肺部真菌感染。年龄 < 3岁、有鼻窦炎和/或过敏性鼻炎、住院期间哮喘发作 > 3次、静脉应用糖皮质激素、不规范使用抗生素、机械通气或住院时间长的支气管哮喘患儿继发真菌感染的风险较高。

Objective To study the clinical features of children with bronchial asthma complicated by pulmonary fungal infection and the risk factors for pulmonary fungal infection. Methods A retrospective analysis was performed for the clinical data of 150 children with bronchial asthma who were admitted from January 2015 to June 2018. Among these children, 75 had pulmonary fungal infection (fungal infection group) and 75 did not have such infection (control group). The distribution of pathogenic fungi, clinical symptoms/signs and treatment outcome were recorded for the fungal infection group. The multivariate logistic regression analysis was used to investigate the risk factors for pulmonary fungal infection. Results A total of 69 pathogenic fungi were detected in 75 children in the fungal infection group, among which Candida albicans had the highest detection rate of 61%. Major clinical symptoms were cough (93%), persistent high fever (56%), wheezing (49%) and dyspnea (48%). Major signs were dry and moist rales (43%) and moist rales (29%). Parts of children had hepatosplenomegaly. Among the 75 children in the fungal infection group, 39 were markedly improved, 26 were improved, 7 had no response, and 3 experienced aggravation and then died. Age < 3 years, comorbidities of nasosinusitis and/or allergic rhinitis, asthma attacks of > 3 times during hospitalization, intravenous administration of glucocorticoids, non-rational use of antibiotics, mechanical ventilation and prolonged hospital stay were independent risk factors for pulmonary fungal infection in children with asthma (OR=4.865, 3.241, 2.255, 3.725, 3.568, 1.549, 3.808; P < 0.05). Conclusions Pulmonary fungal infection should be considered for asthmatic children with cough, persistent high fever, obvious dry and moist rales and hepatosplenomegaly. The asthmatic children with an age of < 3 years, comorbidities of nasosinusitis and/or allergic rhinitis, asthma attacks of > 3 times during hospitalization, intravenous administration of glucocorticoids, non-rational use of antibiotics, mechanical ventilation or prolonged hospital stay have a higher risk for secondary pulmonary fungal infection.