Abstract：At present, effective antibiotics and comprehensive symptomatic/supportive treatment as early as possible are mainly used for the treatment of severe pertussis in clinical practice. However, some children with severe pertussis have unsatisfactory response to commonly used drugs and treatment measures in the intensive care unit and thus have a high risk of death. Studies have shown that certain treatment measures given in the early stage, such as exchange transfusion, may help reduce deaths, but there is still a lack of uniform implementation norms. How to determine the treatment regimen for severe pertussis and improve treatment ability remains a difficult issue in clinical practice. This article reviews the advances in the treatment of severe pertussis, in order to provide a reference for clinical treatment and research.
WU Xiao-Ying,LI Li-Jun,YAO Kai-Hu et al. Research advances in the treatment strategies for severe pertussis in children[J]. CJCP, 2021, 23(2): 192-197.
Skoff TH, Hadler S, Hariri S. The epidemiology of nationally reported pertussis in the United States, 2000-2016[J]. Clin Infect Dis, 2019, 68(10):1634-1640.
Gil-Prieto R, Walter S, San-Román-Montero J, et al. Paediatric hospitalizations due to whooping cough in Spain (1997-2017)[J]. Vaccine, 2019, 37(43):6342-6347.
[4]
Yeung KHT, Duclos P, Nelson EAS, et al. An update of the global burden of pertussis in children younger than 5 years:a modelling study[J]. Lancet Infect Dis, 2017, 17(9):974-980.
[5]
Kavitha TK, Samprathi M, Jayashree M, et al. Clinical profile of critical pertussis in children at a pediatric intensive care unit in Northern India[J]. Indian Pediatr, 2020, 57(3):228-231.
[6]
Kazantzi MS, Prezerakou A, Kalamitsou SN, et al. Characteristics of Bordetella pertussis infection among infants and children admitted to paediatric intensive care units in Greece:a multicentre, 11-year study[J]. J Paediatr Child Health, 2017, 53(3):257-262.
Li LJ, Deng JK, Ma X, et al. High prevalence of macrolide-resistant Bordetella pertussis and ptxP1 genotype, mainland China, 2014-2016[J]. Emerg Infect Dis, 2019, 25(12):2205-2214.
Hua CZ, Wang HJ, Zhang Z, et al. In vitro activity and clinical efficacy of macrolides, cefoperazone-sulbactam and piperacillin/piperacillin-tazobactam against Bordetella pertussis and the clinical manifestations in pertussis patients due to these isolates:a single-centre study in Zhejiang Province, China[J]. J Glob Antimicrob Resist, 2019, 18:47-51.
[12]
Evered J, Pfeifer E, Gracianette M. Caffeine to prevent respiratory failure and improve outcome in infant pertussis[J]. BMJ Case Rep, 2018, 2018:bcr2017223102.
[13]
Straney L, Schibler A, Ganeshalingham A, et al. Burden and outcomes of severe pertussis infection in critically ill infants[J]. Pediatr Crit Care Med, 2016, 17(8):735-742.
[14]
Gillis J, Grattan-Smith T, Kilham H. Artificial ventilation in severe pertussis[J]. Arch Dis Child, 1988, 63(4):364-367.
[15]
Berger JT, Carcillo JA, Shanley TP, et al. Critical pertussis illness in children:a multicenter prospective cohort study[J]. Pediatr Crit Care Med, 2013, 14(4):356-365.
[16]
Winter K, Zipprich J, Harriman K, et al. Risk factors associated with infant deaths from pertussis:a case-control study[J]. Clin Infect Dis, 2015, 61(7):1099-1106.
[17]
Palvo F, Fabro AT, Cervi MC, et al. Severe pertussis infection:a clinicopathological study[J]. Medicine (Baltimore), 2017, 96(48):e8823.
[18]
Rowlands HE, Goldman AP, Harrington K, et al. Impact of rapid leukodepletion on the outcome of severe clinical pertussis in young infants[J]. Pediatrics, 2010, 126(4):e816-e827.
[19]
Kuperman A, Hoffmann Y, Glikman D, et al. Severe pertussis and hyperleukocytosis:is it time to change for exchange?[J]. Transfusion, 2014, 54(6):1630-1633.
Oñoro G, Salido AG, Martínez IM, et al. Leukoreduction in patients with severe pertussis with hyperleukocytosis[J]. Pediatr Infect Dis J, 2012, 31(8):873-876.
[22]
Scanlon K, Skerry C, Carbonetti N. Association of pertussis toxin with severe pertussis disease[J]. Toxins (Basel), 2019, 11(7):373.
[23]
Nieves D, Bradley JS, Gargas J, et al. Exchange blood transfusion in the management of severe pertussis in young infants[J]. Pediatr Infect Dis J, 2013, 32(6):698-699.
[24]
Tian SF, Wang HM, Deng JK. Fatal malignant pertussis with hyperleukocytosis in a Chinese infant:a case report and literature review[J]. Medicine (Baltimore), 2018, 97(17):e0549.
[25]
Cherry JD, Wendorf K, Bregman B, et al. An observational study of severe pertussis in 100 infants ≤ 120 days of age[J]. Pediatr Infect Dis J, 2018, 37(3):202-205.
[26]
Paddock CD, Sanden GN, Cherry JD, et al. Pathology and pathogenesis of fatal Bordetella pertussis infection in infants[J]. Clin Infect Dis, 2008, 47(3):328-338.
[27]
Hansmann G, Koestenberger M, Alastalo TP, et al. 2019 updated consensus statement on the diagnosis and treatment of pediatric pulmonary hypertension:the European Pediatric Pulmonary Vascular Disease Network (EPPVDN), endorsed by AEPC, ESPR and ISHLT[J]. J Heart Lung Transplant, 2019, 38(9):879-901.
[28]
Skladal D, Horak E, Frühwirth M, et al. Successful treatment of ARDS and severe pulmonary hypertension in a child with Bordetella pertussis infection[J]. Wien Klin Wochenschr, 2004, 116(21/22):760-762.
[29]
Abman SH, Hansmann G, Archer SL, et al. Pediatric pulmonary hypertension:guidelines from the American Heart Association and American Thoracic Society[J]. Circulation, 2015, 132(21):2037-2099.
[30]
Flak TA, Goldman WE. Autotoxicity of nitric oxide in airway disease[J]. Am J Respir Crit Care Med, 1996, 154(4 Pt 2):S202-S206.
[31]
Halasa NB, Barr FE, Johnson JE, et al. Fatal pulmonary hypertension associated with pertussis in infants:does extracorporeal membrane oxygenation have a role?[J]. Pediatrics, 2003, 112(6 Pt 1):1274-1278.
[32]
Barbaro RP, Boonstra PS, Paden ML, et al. Development and validation of the pediatric risk estimate score for children using extracorporeal respiratory support (Ped-RESCUERS)[J]. Intensive Care Med, 2016, 42(5):879-888.
[33]
Domico M, Ridout D, Maclaren G, et al. Extracorporeal membrane oxygenation for pertussis:predictors of outcome including pulmonary hypertension and leukodepletion[J]. Pediatr Crit Care Med, 2018, 19(3):254-261.
[34]
Assy J, Séguéla PE, Guillet E, et al. Severe neonatal pertussis treated by leukodepletion and early extra corporeal membrane oxygenation[J]. Pediatr Infect Dis J, 2015, 34(9):1029-1030.
[35]
Krawiec C, Ballinger K, Halstead ES. Intrapulmonary percussive ventilation as an airway clearance technique during venoarterial extracorporeal life support in an infant with pertussis[J]. Front Pediatr, 2017, 5:99.
[36]
Shi JY, Wang CX, Cui Y, et al. Extracorporeal membrane oxygenation with prone position ventilation successfully rescues infantile pertussis:a case report and literature review[J]. BMC Pediatr, 2018, 18(1):377.
[37]
方峰, 俞蕙. 小儿传染病学[M]. 5版. 北京:人民卫生出版社, 2020:160-165.
[38]
Granström M, Olinder-Nielsen AM, Holmblad P, et al. Specific immunoglobulin for treatment of whooping cough[J]. Lancet, 1991, 338(8777):1230-1233.
[39]
Halperin SA, Vaudry W, Boucher FD, et al. Is pertussis immune globulin efficacious for the treatment of hospitalized infants with pertussis? No answer yet[J]. Pediatr Infect Dis J, 2007, 26(1):79-81.
