Clinical features and prognosis of pediatric acute megakaryocytic leukemia
LUO Tie-Mei, YU Jie, AN Xi-Zhou
Department of Hematology and Oncology, Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University/National Clinical Research Center for Child Health and Disorders/Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Child Development and Disorders/Chongqing Key Laboratory of Pediatrics, Chongqing 401122, China
Abstract:Objective To study the clinical features and prognosis of children with acute megakaryocytic leukemia (AMKL) and the clinical effect of acute myeloid leukemia 03 (AML03) regimen for the treatment of pediatric AMKL. Methods The clinical data were collected from 47 children with AMKL who were diagnosed from May 2011 to December 2019. The treatment outcomes and prognostic factors were analyzed. The Kaplan-Meier method and the log-rank test were used for survival analysis. Results Among the 47 children with AMKL, 22 with non-Down syndrome-AMKL were treated by the AML03 regimen, with a median follow-up time of 11.4 months. For the 22 non-Down syndrome-AMKL patients, the remission rate of bone marrow cytology was 85% and the negative rate of minimal residual disease (MRD) was 79% after induction Ⅱ, with a 2-year overall survival (OS) rate of (50±13)% and a 2-year event-free survival (EFS) rate of (40±12)%. The group with positive immunophenotypic marker CD56 had significantly lower 2-year EFS and OS rates than the group with negative CD56 (P < 0.05). The group without remission of bone marrow cytology after induction Ⅱ had significantly lower 2-year EFS and OS rates than the group with remission (P < 0.05). The group with positive MRD after induction Ⅱ had a significantly lower 2-year EFS rate than the group with negative MRD (P < 0.05). There was no significant difference in 2-year OS and EFS rates between the patients with transplantation and those without transplantation (P > 0.05). Conclusions Children with AMKL tend to have a low remission rate and a poor prognosis. Positive immunophenotypic marker CD56, bone marrow cytology during early treatment response, and MRD results are important factors influencing the prognosis. Allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation has no significant effect on the prognosis of AMKL.
Swerdlow SH, Campo E, Harris NL, et al. WHO Classification of Tumours of Haematopoietic and Lymphoid Tissues[M]. 4th ed. IARC:Lyon, 2017.
[2]
Schweitzer J, Zimmermann M, Rasche M, et al. Improved outcome of pediatric patients with acute megakaryoblastic leukemia in the AML-BFM 04 trial[J]. Ann Hematol, 2015, 94(8):1327-1336. DOI:10.1007/s00277-015-2383-2. PMID:25913479.
[3]
Inaba H, Zhou YM, Abla O, et al. Heterogeneous cytogenetic subgroups and outcomes in childhood acute megakaryoblastic leukemia:a retrospective international study[J]. Blood, 2015, 126(13):1575-1584. DOI:10.1182/blood-2015-02-629204. PMID:26215111.
[4]
de Rooij JD, Branstetter C, Ma J, et al. Pediatric non-Down syndrome acute megakaryoblastic leukemia is characterized by distinct genomic subsets with varying outcomes[J]. Nat Genet, 2017, 49(3):451-456. DOI:10.1038/ng.3772. PMID:28112737.
[5]
Maarouf N, Mahmoud S, Khedr R, et al. Outcome of childhood acute megakaryoblastic leukemia:children's cancer hospital Egypt 57357 experience[J]. Clin Lymphoma Myeloma Leuk, 2019, 19(3):e142-e152. DOI:10.1016/j.clml.2018.12.011. PMID:30686774.
[6]
Klairmont MM, Hoskoppal D, Yadak N, et al. The comparative sensitivity of immunohistochemical markers of megakaryocytic differentiation in acute megakaryoblastic leukemia[J]. Am J Clin Pathol, 2018, 150(5):461-467. DOI:10.1093/ajcp/aqy074. PMID:30052718.
[7]
Dowling GP, Piccin A, Gavin KT, et al. A retrospective study of myeloid leukaemia in children with Down syndrome in Ireland[J]. Ir J Med Sci, 2020, 189(3):979-984. DOI:10.1007/s11845-020-02181-y. PMID:32006388.
[8]
De Marchi F, Araki M, Komatsu N. Molecular features, prognosis, and novel treatment options for pediatric acute megakaryoblastic leukemia[J]. Expert Rev Hematol, 2019, 12(5):285-293. DOI:10.1080/17474086.2019.1609351. PMID:30991862.
[9]
Buldini B, Rizzati F, Masetti R, et al. Prognostic significance of flow-cytometry evaluation of minimal residual disease in children with acute myeloid leukaemia treated according to the AIEOP-AML 2002/01 study protocol[J]. Br J Haematol, 2017, 177(1):116-126. DOI:10.1111/bjh.14523. PMID:28240765.
[10]
Teyssier AC, Lapillonne H, Pasquet M, et al. Acute megakaryoblastic leukemia (excluding Down syndrome) remains an acute myeloid subgroup with inferior outcome in the French ELAM02 trial[J]. Pediatr Hematol Oncol, 2017, 34(8):425-427. DOI:10.1080/08880018.2017.1414905. PMID:29303660.
[11]
de Rooij JD, Masetti R, van den Heuvel-Eibrink MM, et al. Recurrent abnormalities can be used for risk group stratification in pediatric AMKL:a retrospective intergroup study[J]. Blood, 2016, 127(26):3424-3430. DOI:10.1182/blood-2016-01-695551. PMID:27114462.
[12]
Rubnitz JE. How I treat pediatric acute myeloid leukemia[J]. Blood, 2012, 119(25):5980-5988. DOI:10.1182/blood-2012-02-392506. PMID:22566607.
O'Brien MM, Cao X, Pounds S, et al. Prognostic features in acute megakaryoblastic leukemia in children without Down syndrome:a report from the AML02 multicenter trial and the Children's Oncology Group Study POG 9421[J]. Leukemia, 2013, 27(3):731-734. DOI:10.1038/leu.2012.223. PMID:22918081.
[16]
Wang LL, Peters JM, Fuda F, et al. Acute megakaryoblastic leukemia associated with trisomy 21 demonstrates a distinct immunophenotype[J]. Cytometry B Clin Cytom, 201588(4):244-252. DOI:10.1002/cyto.b.21198. PMID:25361478.
[17]
Thiollier C, Lopez CK, Gerby B, et al. Characterization of novel genomic alterations and therapeutic approaches using acute megakaryoblastic leukemia xenograft models[J]. J Exp Med, 2012, 209(11):2017-2031. DOI:10.1084/jem.20121343. PMID:23045605.
[18]
Song XL, Peng Y, Wang XG, et al. Incidence, survival, and risk factors for adults with acute myeloid leukemia not otherwise specified and acute myeloid leukemia with recurrent genetic abnormalities:analysis of the surveillance, epidemiology, and end results (SEER) database, 2001-2013[J]. Acta Haematol, 2018, 139(2):115-127. DOI:10.1159/000486228. PMID:29455198.
[19]
Tierens A, Bjørklund E, Siitonen S, et al. Residual disease detected by flow cytometry is an Independent predictor of survival in childhood acute myeloid leukaemia; results of the NOPHO-AML 2004 study[J]. Br J Haematol, 2016, 174(4):600-609. DOI:10.1111/bjh.14093. PMID:27072379.
[20]
Ishiyama K, Yamaguchi T, Eto T, et al. Acute megakaryoblastic leukemia, unlike acute erythroid leukemia, predicts an unfavorable outcome after allogeneic HSCT[J]. Leuk Res, 2016, 47:47-53. DOI:10.1016/j.leukres.2016.04.017. PMID:27244257.