目的：通过全国范围内城市医院住院新生儿的调查，以了解我国目前住院新生儿的疾病谱及转归。方法：抽取全国22个省和自治区的47个城市中的80所医院，回顾性调查了2005年1月1日至同年12月31日期间出院的住院新生儿 43 289名。结果：①男女性别比为1.73∶1。②早产儿占住院新生儿的26.2%，其中晚期早产儿占住院新生儿的 16.4%，住院早产儿所占比例较2002年（19.7%）有明显增高。③发生率最高的前3位的疾病依次为黄疸、肺炎和缺氧缺血性脑病。④足月儿肺炎、胎粪吸入综合征和胆红素脑病等疾病的发生率高于早产儿；而早产儿窒息、呼吸窘迫综合征和肺出血等疾病的发生率高于足月儿。⑤妊娠高血压综合征母亲所生的新生儿中窒息、小于胎龄儿（SGA）和湿肺等疾病所占比率均高于无妊娠高血压综合征母亲。⑥转归：治愈占63.9%，好转占27.3%，自动出院占7.6%，死亡占1.2%。新生儿死亡发生在入院后24 h内占46.4%。结论：①住院新生儿中早产儿所占比例有增加趋势。②住院新生儿死亡主要发生在入院后24 h内，应加强入院后24 h内的监护工作。［中国当代儿科杂志，2009，11（1）：15-20］

OBJECTIVE: To understand the disease spectrum and treatment outcome on hospitalized neonates in China, a nationwide epidemiologic survey was performed. This paper reports the investigation results. METHODS: A retrospective study of 43 289 hospitalized neonates from 86 hospitals in 47 Chinese cities (22 provinces) between January 1, 2005 and December 31, 2005 was performed. RESULT: (1) The sex ratio of male to female was 1.73:1. (2) Premature infants accounted for 26.2% of the hospitalized neonates, which was higher than that reported in 2002 (19.7%). (3) The top three diseases that the neonates were susceptible to in turn were jaundice, pneumonia, and hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy. (4) The percentage of pneumonia, meconium aspiration syndrome, and bilirubin encephalopathy in term infants was higher than that in premature infants, but the percentage of asphyxia, respiratory distress syndrome, and pulmonary hemorrhage in term infants was lower than that in premature infants. (5) The percentage of asphyxia, small for gestational age infant, and wet lung were higher in neonates whose mother had pregnancy induced hypertension. (6) The infants who recovered accounted for 63.9%, improved for 27.3%, requested own discharge for 7.6%, and died for 1.2%. Neonatal death of 46.4% occurred within 24 hrs after admission. CONCLUSIONS: The incidence of premature birth is increasing in hospitalized neonates. The neonatal deaths occur mostly within 24 hrs after admission.［Chin J Contemp Pediatr, 2009, 11 (1):15-20］