目的 探讨变应原皮下免疫治疗（subcutaneous immunotherapy, SCIT）对单一尘螨与多重过敏哮喘儿童的疗效差异及对生活质量的影响。 方法 前瞻性纵向队列研究80例尘螨过敏的哮喘患儿，将患儿分为单一过敏组（n=40）和多重过敏组（n=40），所有患儿均完成3年的标准化尘螨SCIT。比较治疗前后两组的外周血嗜酸性粒细胞百分比、呼出气一氧化氮、肺功能、视觉模拟评分、哮喘控制测试评分、生活质量评分及睡眠习惯问卷评分。 结果 治疗3年后，两组各项指标均显著改善（均P<0.05）。单一过敏组在外周血嗜酸性粒细胞百分比、呼出气一氧化氮、最大呼气中期流量占预计值百分比、哮喘控制测试评分及生活质量评分的改善优于多重过敏组（均P<0.05）。两组不良反应率差异无统计学意义（P>0.05）。 结论 SCIT对尘螨过敏哮喘患儿均有效，且单一尘螨过敏患儿在小气道功能、哮喘控制及生活质量改善方面获益更显著。

Objective To compare the efficacy of subcutaneous immunotherapy (SCIT) and its impact on quality of life between children with dust mite-allergic asthma who are monosensitized and those who are polysensitized. Methods This prospective longitudinal cohort study enrolled 80 children with dust mite-allergic asthma, who were divided into a monosensitization group (n=40) and a polysensitization group (n=40). All children completed 3 years of standardized dust mite SCIT. Indicators compared between the two groups before and after treatment included peripheral blood eosinophil percentage, fractional exhaled nitric oxide, pulmonary function parameters, visual analog scale score, Asthma Control Test score, quality of life score, and Children's Sleep Habits Questionnaire score. Results After 3 years of treatment, both groups showed significant improvements in all indicators from baseline (all P<0.05). The monosensitization group demonstrated greater improvements than the polysensitization group in peripheral blood eosinophil percentage, fractional exhaled nitric oxide, maximum mid-expiratory flow as a percentage of predicted value, Asthma Control Test scores, and quality of life scores (all P<0.05). The incidence of adverse reactions did not differ significantly between the two groups (P>0.05). Conclusions SCIT is effective in children with dust mite-allergic asthma, and monosensitized children show greater improvements in small airway function, asthma control, and quality of life.