目的 通过分析山东诸城2013 年学龄儿童尿液筛查结果，探讨尿液筛查的意义。方法 以山东诸城市6~12 岁学龄儿童为对象，随机抽取37 344 名儿童，对其晨尿进行尿常规检验，初次检验阳性者2 周后进行复查。结果 初筛阳性儿童2 388 人（6.39%），复检阳性儿童388 人（1.04%）。女生初筛和复查阳性率为9.52%、2.01%，均显著高于男生的3.79%、0.23%，差异有统计学意义（P<0.05）。复查阳性儿童中有302人确诊患有泌尿系统疾病，检出率为0.81%。结论 尿液筛查能够对部分隐匿性肾脏疾病进行早期发现，有利于儿童肾脏疾病的早期预防和治疗。

Objective To study the significance of urine screening for school-age children by analyzing urine screening results of school-age children from Zhucheng City, Shandong Province, China, in 2013. Methods A total of 37 344 school-age children were randomly selected from children 6 to 12 years of age in Zhucheng City. Morning urine was tested by routine screening test, and the children who tested positive were re-tested after two weeks. Results There were 2 388 children (6.39%) tested positive in the first screening, and 388 children (1.04%) tested positive again in the second screening. The positive rates in the first and second screening tests were 9.52% and 2.01%, respectively, in girls, which were significantly higher than those in boys (3.79% and 0.23%, respectively; P<0.05). Among the children who had positive test results in the second screening, 302 (0.81%) were diagnosed with urinary system diseases. Conclusions Urine screening is an effective way for the early detection of some occult kidney diseases, which provides great benefits for early prevention and treatment of kidney diseases in children.