Abstract:Hazardous environmental factors invade the body through multiple routes, including ingestion, inhalation and absorption by contact with the skin and mucous membrane. They are from various sources and soil, water, air, building and decorative materials, foods and daily necessities are the main carriers. According to their physical and chemical properties and morphological characteristics, these hazardous factors are classified as metals, inorganic matter, organic matter, radioactive substances, biological toxins, viruses, bacteria, mycoplasmas, chlamydiae and parasites. They cause diseases through blood and urine and also have kidney susceptibility. This article suggests that pediatricians should fully understand the characteristics and seriousness of hazardous environmental factors that cause renal damage, and pay attention to the prevention and control of these factors so as to minimize renal damage in children.
He J, Zheng W, Zhao Y, et al. Diagnosis and therapy of acute urolithiasis caused by melamine contamination in infant formula milk[J]. Exp Ther Med, 2013, 5(5): 1301-1304.
[18]
Zou CC, Chen XY, Zhao ZY, et al. Outcome of children with melamine-induced urolithiasis:results of a two-year follow-up[J]. Clinical Toxicology, 2013, 51(6): 473-479.
[19]
Yang L, Wen JG, Wen JJ, et al. Four years follow-up of 101 children with melamine-related urinary stones[J]. Urolithiasis, 2013, 41(3): 265-266.
[20]
Nie F, Li XJ, Shang PF, et al. Melamine-induced urinary calculi in infants-sonographic manifestations and outcomes 1 year after exposure[J]. Pediatr Radiol, 2013, 43(4): 474-478.
[21]
Bhalla V, Grimm PC, Chertow GM, et al. Melamine nephrotoxicity: an emerging epidemic in an era of globalization[J]. Kidney International, 2009, 75(8): 774-779.
Mitra AK, Alvarez JO, Guay-Woodford L, et al. Urinary retinol excretion and kidney function in children with shigellosis[J]. Am J Clin Nutr, 1998, 68(5): 1095-1103.
van der Ven AJ, Hommels MJ, Kroon AA, et al. Chlamydia pneumoniae seropositivity and systemic and renovascular atherosclerotic disease[J]. Arch Intern Med, 2002, 162(7): 786-790.