Abstract：Objective To examine serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D levels in children with autism spectrum disorders (ASD) and to explore the relationship between vitamin D level and ASD. Methods Serum levels of 25-hydroxyvitamin D levels were determined by the HPLC-MS/MS method in 117 children with newly diagnosed ASD and 109 healthy controls. Vitamin D status were classified into normal (>30 ng/mL), insufficiency (10-30ng/mL) and deficiency (<10 ng/mL) according to 25-hydroxyvitamin D levels. Results Serum level of 25-hydroxyvitamin D (19±9 ng/mL) in children with ASD was significantly lower than that in healthy controls (36±13 ng/mL; P<0.01). The rate of vitamin D insufficiency plus deficiency in the ASD group was significantly higher than in the control group (89.7% vs 52.3%; P<0.01). Conclusions Vitamin D insufficiency or deficiency is common in children with ASD and might be as one of the environmental or genetic factors for ASD.
Autism and Developmental Disabilities Monitoring Network Surveillance Year 2008 Principal Investigators, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). Prevalence of Autism Spectrum Disorders-Autism and Developmental Disabilities Monitoring Network, 14 sites, United States, 2008[J]. MMWR Surveillance Summaries, 2012, 61(SS03): 1-19.
[2]
Kubota T, Takae H, Miyake K. Epigenetic mechanisms and therapeutic perspectives for neurodevelopmental disorders[J]. Pharmaceuticals (Basel), 2012, 5(4): 369-383.
[3]
Autier P, Boniol M, Pizot C, et al. Vitamin D status and ill health: a systematic review[J]. Lancet Diabetes Endocrinol, 2014, 2(1): 76-89.
[4]
Salami M, Talaei SA, Davari S, et al. Hippocampal long term potentiation in rats under different regimens of vitamin D: an in vivo study[J]. Neurosci Lett, 2012, 509(1): 56-59.
[5]
Stoner R, Chow ML, Boyle MP, et al. Patches of disorganization in the neocortex of children with autism[J]. N Engl J Med, 2014, 370(13): 1209-1219.
[6]
Zielinski BA, Prigge MB, Nielsen JA, et al. Longitudinal changes in cortical thickness in autism and typical development[J]. Brain, 2014, 137(Pt 6): 1799-17812.
[7]
Cannell JJ, Grant WB. What is the role of vitamin D in autism?[J]. Dermatoendocrinol, 2013, 5(1): 199-204.
[8]
Kim YS, Fombonne E, Koh YJ, et al. A comparison of DSM-IV pervasive developmental disorder and DSM-5 autism spectrum disorder prevalence in an epidemiologic sample[J]. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry, 2014, 53(5): 500-508.
[9]
Gallo S, Jean-Philippe S, Rodd C, et al. Vitamin D supplementation of Canadian infants: practices of Montreal mothers[J]. Appl Physiol Nutr Metab, 2010, 35(3): 303-309.
[10]
Guthrie W, Swineford LB, Wetherby AM, et al. Comparison of DSM-IV and DSM-5 factor structure models for toddlers with autism spectrum disorder[J]. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry, 2013, 52(8): 797-805.
[11]
Tsai LY, Ghaziuddin M. DSM-5 ASD moves forward into the past[J]. J Autism Dev Disord, 2014, 44(2): 321-330.
[12]
Morris HA. Vitamin D activities for health outcomes[J]. Ann Lab Med, 2014, 34(3): 181-186.
[13]
Gröber U, Spitz J, Reichrath J, et al. Vitamin D: Update 2013: From rickets prophylaxis to general preventive healthcare[J]. Dermatoendocrinol, 2013, 5(3): 331-347.
[14]
Pludowski P, Holick MF, Pilz S, et al. Vitamin D effects on musculoskeletal health, immunity, autoimmunity, cardiovascular disease, cancer, fertility, pregnancy, dementia and mortality— a review of recent evidence[J]. Autoimmun Rev, 2013,12(10): 976-989.
[15]
Tsagari A, Toulis KA, Makras P, et al. Performance of the mini nutritional assessment score in the detection of vitamin D status in an elderly Greek population[J]. Horm Metab Res, 2012, 44(12): 896-899.
[16]
Grant WB, Tangpricha V. Vitamin D: Its role in disease prevention[J]. Dermatoendocrinol, 2012, 4(2): 81-83.
[17]
Farrell CJ, Martin S, McWhinney B, et al. State-of-the-art vitamin D assays: a comparison of automated immunoassays with liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry methods[J]. Clin Chem, 2012, 58(3): 531-542.
[18]
Mostafa GA, Al-Ayadhi LY. Reduced serum concentrations of 25-hydroxy vitamin D in children with autism: relation to autoimmunity[J]. J Neuroinflammation, 2012, 9: 201.
Whitehouse AJ, Holt BJ, Serralha M, et al. Maternal vitamin D levels and the autism phenotype among offspring[J]. J Autism Dev Disord, 2013,43(7): 1495-1504.
[22]
Meador KJ, Loring DW. Risks of in utero exposure to valproate[J]. JAMA, 2013, 309(16): 1730-1731.
[23]
Marques CD, Dantas AT, Fragoso TS, et al. The importance of vitamin D levels in autoimmune diseases[J]. Rev Bras Reumatol, 2010, 50(1): 67-80.
[24]
Jiang P, Zhu MQ, Li HD, et al. Effects of vitamin D receptor polymorphisms on the risk of schizophrenia and metabolic changes caused by risperidone treatment[J]. Psychiatry Res, 2014, 215(3): 806-807.
