Abstract:Objective To investigate the detection rates, epidemical characteristics, and clinical features of human rhinovirus C (HRV-C) in hospitalized children with respiratory tract infections (RTIs) in Suzhou, China. Methods A total of 1 702 hospitalized children with RTIs from January to December, 2014 were enrolled, and 1 702 nasopharyngeal aspirate samples were collected from all children. RT-PCR was used to measure HRV mRNA, and quantitative realtime PCR combined with high-resolution melting curve was used to measure HRV-C. Results Of all children, 244 (14.34%) were detected to have HRV infection, among whom 69 (69/244, 28.3%) had HRV-C infection. The rate of mixed infection of HRV-C with other viruses and bacteria was 61% (42/69). HRV-C was detected in each month of the year, and the detection rate of HRV-C in autumn was significantly higher than that in spring, summer, and winter (P < 0.05). The children aged 2-5 years had a significantly higher detection rate of HRV-C than those in the other age groups (P < 0.05). Compared with HRV-A/B infection, HRV-C infection led to significantly higher proportions of patients with lobar pneumonia and acute exacerbation of asthma (P < 0.05), as well as patients with increased neutrophil count and CRP level (P < 0.05). There were no significant differences in sex distribution or other clinical manifestations (P > 0.05). Conclusions HRV-C infection accounts for about 1/3 of HRV infection, with a high incidence rate in autumn. The rate of mixed infection of HRV-C with other viruses and bacteria is high, and children aged 2-5 years have the highest detection rate of HRV-C. Children with HRV-C infection have similar clinical manifestations as those with HRV-A/B infection.
LI Li,JI Wei,SHAO Xue-Jun et al. An epidemiological study on human rhinovirus C in hospitalized children with respiratory tract infections[J]. CJCP, 2016, 18(11): 1094-1099.
Costa LF,Queiróz DA,Lopes da Silveira H,et al.Human rhinovirus and disease severity in children[J].Pediatrics,2014,133(2):e312-e321.
[2]
Delgado-Corcoran C,Witte MK,Ampofo K,et al.The impact of human rhinovirus infection in pediatric patients undergoing heart surgery[J].Pediatr Cardiol,2014,35(8):1387-1394.
[3]
Bender JM,Taylor CS,Cumpio J,et al.Infants 1-90 days old hospitalized with human rhinovirus infection[J].J Clin Lab Anal,2014,28(5):349-352.
[4]
Broberg E,NiemeläJ,Lahti E,et al.Human rhinovirus C——associated severe pneumonia in a neonate[J].J Clin Virol,2011,51(1):79-82.
[5]
Piralla A,Rovida F,Campanini G,et al.Clinical severity and molecular typing of human rhinovirus C strains during a fall outbreak affecting hospitalized patients[J].J Clin Virol,2009,45(4):311-317.
[6]
Miller EK,Khuri-Bulos N,Williams JV,et al.Human rhinovirus C associated with wheezing in hospitalized children in the Middle East[J].J Clin Virol,2009,46(1):85-89.
[7]
Williams BG,Gouws E,Boschi-Pinto C,et al.Estimates of world-wide distribution of child deaths from acute respiratory infections[J].Lancet Infect Dis,2002,2(1):25-32.
[8]
McErlean P,Shackelton LA,Lambert SB,et al.Characterisation of a newly identified human rhinovirus,HRV-QPM,discovered in infants with bronchiolitis[J].J Clin Virol,2007,39(2):67-75.
[9]
Miller EK,Edwards KM,Weinberg GA,et al.A novel group of rhinoviruses is associated with asthma hospitalizations[J].J Allergy Clin Immunol,2009,123(1):98-104.e1.
[10]
Bizzintino J,Lee WM,Laing IA,et al.Association between human rhinovirus C and severity of acute asthma in children[J].Eur Respir J,2011,37(5):1037-1042.
[11]
Savolainen-Kopra C,Blomqvist S,Kaijalainen S,et al.All known human rhinovirus species are present in sputum specimens of military recruits during respiratory infection[J].Viruses,2009,1(3):1178-1189.
[12]
Kaida A,Kubo H,Takakura K,et al.Molecular epidemiology of human rhinovirus C in patients with acute respiratory tract infections in Osaka City,Japan[J].Jpn J Infect Dis,2011,64(6):488-492.
[13]
Miller EK,Williams JV,Gebretsadik T,et al.Host and viral factors associated with severity of human rhinovirus-associated infant respiratory tract illness[J].J Allergy Clin Immunol,2011,127(4):883-891.
[14]
Linder JE,Kraft DC,Mohamed Y,et al.Human rhinovirus C:age,season,and lower respiratory illness over the past 3 decades[J].J Allergy Clin Immunol,2013,131(1):69-77.e6.
[15]
Iwane MK,Prill MM,Lu X,et al.Human rhinovirus species associated with hospitalizations for acute respiratory illness in young US children[J].J Infect Dis,2011,204(11):1702-1710.
[16]
McIntyre CL,Knowles NJ,Simmonds P.Proposals for the classification of human rhinovirus species A,B and C into genotypically assigned types[J].J Gen Virol,2013,94(Pt 8):1791-1806.
[17]
Moreira LP,Kamikawa J,Watanabe AS,et al.Frequency of human rhinovirus species in outpatient children with acute respiratory infections at primary care level in Brazil[J].Pediatr Infect Dis J,2011,30(7):612-614.
Jin Y,Yuan XH,Xie ZP,et al.Prevalence and clinical characterization of a newly identified human rhinovirus C species in children with acute respiratory tract infections[J].J Clin Microbiol,2009,47(9):2895-2900.
Zeng SZ,Xiao NG,Xie ZP,et al.Prevalence of human rhinovirus in children admitted to hospital with acute lower respiratory tract infections in Changsha,China[J].J Med Virol,2014,86(11):1983-1989.
[22]
Mak RK,Tse LY,Lam WY,et al.Clinical spectrum of human rhinovirus infections in hospitalized Hong Kong children[J].Pediatr infect Dis J,2011,30(9):749-753.
[23]
Tan BH,Loo LH,Lim EA,et al.Human rhinovirus group C in hospitalized children,Singapore[J].Emerg Infect Dis,2009,15(8):1318-1320.
[24]
Han TH,Chung JY,Hwang ES,et al.Detection of human rhinovirus C in children with acute lower respiratory tract infections in South Korea[J].Arch Virol,2009,154(6):987-991.
[25]
Calvo C,Casas I,Garcia-Garia ML,et al.Role of rhinovirus C respiratory infections in sick and healthy children in Spain[J].Pediatr Infect Dis J,2010,29(8):717-720.
[26]
Jin Y,Yuan XH,Xie ZP,et al.Prevalence and clinical characterization of a newly identified human rhinovirus C species in children with acute respiratory tract infections[J].J Clin Microbiol,2009,47(9):2895-2900.
[27]
Lau SK,Yip CC,Tsoi HW,et al.Clinical features and complete genome characterization of a distinct human rhinovirus (HRV) genetic cluster,probably representing a previously undetected HRV species,HRV-C,associated with acute respiratory illness in children[J].J Clin Microbiol,2007,45(11):3655-3664.
[28]
Calvo C,Garcia ML,Pozo F,et al.Role of rhinovirus C in apparently life-threatening events in infants,Spain[J].Emerg Infect Dis,2009,15(9):1506-1508.
[29]
Fry AM,Lu X,Olsen SJ,et al.Human rhinovirus infections in rural Thailand:epidemiological evidence for rhinovirus as both pathogen and bystander[J].PLoS One,2011,6(3):e17780.
Iwane MK,Prill MM,Lu X,et al.Human rhinovirus species associated with hospitalizations for acute respiratory illness in young US children[J].J Infect Dis,2011,204(11):1702-1710.