Abstract Anti-N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor (anti-NMDAR) encephalitis is a new category of severe, potentially treatable autoimmune encephalitis and can appear in patients of all ages, but more frequently in children. It is a highly characteristic syndrome evolving in five stages: the prodromal phase (viral infection-like symptoms), psychotic phase, unresponsive phase, hyperkinetic phase, and gradual recovery phase. The treatment for this disorder includes firstline immunotherapy (steroids, intravenous immunoglobulin, plasmapheresis), second-line immunotherapy (rituximab, cyclophosphamide), and tumor removal. Hereby the progresses, selections and shortcomings of the treatment protocols for this disease are introduced.
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Cite this article:
ZHONG Jian-Min. Management of anti-N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor encephalitis in children[J]. CJCP, 2014, 16(6): 584-588.
ZHONG Jian-Min. Management of anti-N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor encephalitis in children[J]. CJCP, 2014, 16(6): 584-588.
Dalmau J, Lancaster E, Martinez-Hernandez E, et al. Clinical experience and laboratory investigations in patients with anti- NMDAR encephalitis[J].Lancet Neurol, 2011, 10(1): 63-74.
[3]
Beatty CW, Creutzfeldt CJ, Davis AP, et al. The diagnostic conundrum and treatment dilemma of a patient with a rapidly progressive encephalopathy[J].Neurohospit, 2014, 4(1): 34-41.
[4]
McKeon A. The importance of early and sustained treatment of a common autoimmune encephalitis[J].Lancet Neurol, 2013, 12(2): 123-125.
Titulaer MJ, McCracken L, Gabilondo I, et al. Treatment and prognostic factors for long-term outcome in patients with anti- N-Methyl-D-Aspartate (NMDA) receptor encephalitis: a cohort study[J].Lancet Neurol, 2013, 12(2): 157-165.
Wong-Kisiel LC, Ji T, Renaud DL, et al. Response to immunotherapy in a 20-month-old boy with anti- NMDA receptor encephalitis[J].Neurology, 2010, 74(19): 1550-1551.
Iizuka T, Sakai F, Ide T, et al. Anti-NMDA receptor encephalitis in Japan: long-term outcome without tumor removal[J].Neurology, 2008, 70(7): 504-511.
[17]
Kirkpatrick MP, Clarke CD, Sonmezturk HH, et al. Rhythmic delta activity represents a form of nonconvulsive status epilepticus in anti-NMDA receptor antibody encephalitis[J].Epilepsy Behav, 2011, 20(2): 392-394.
Schmitt SE, Pargeon K, Frechette ES, et al. Extreme delta brush: a unique EEG pattern in adults with anti-NMDA receptor encephalitis[J].Neurology, 2012, 79(11): 1094-1100.
[20]
Di Capua D, García-Ptacek S, García-García ME, et al. Extreme delta brush in a patient with anti-NMDAR encephalitis[J].Epileptic Disord, 2013, 15 (4): 461-464.
[21]
Baizabal-Carvallo JF, Stocco A, Muscal E, et al. The spectrum of movement disorders in children with anti-NMDA receptor encephalitis[J].Mov Disord, 2013, 28(4): 543-547.
