Abstract Objective To investigate the neurocognitive function of children with acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) and long-term disease-free survival and related influencing factors.Methods A total of 40 ALL children with long-term disease-free survival were enrolled as study group, and 40 healthy children were enrolled as control group. The Chinese Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children (C-WISC), continuous performance test (CPT), and Stroop test software were used for the evaluation of all children. Neurocognitive function was compared between groups and influencing factors were analyzed.Results Compared with the control group, the study group had significantly lower full intelligence quotient, verbal intelligence quotient, and performance intelligence quotient in C-WICS (P < 0.05) and significantly higher numbers of mistakes and misses in CPT (P < 0.05). There were no significant differences in the numbers of correct answers, mistakes, and misses of word-color consistency between the study group and the control group (P > 0.05), while the study group had significantly higher numbers of mistakes and misses of word-color contradiction and irrelevance (P < 0.05). The total dose of high-dose methotrexate and ALL risk classification were associated with the reduction in intelligence quotient, and children's younger age at diagnosis of ALL was associated with the higher numbers of misses and mistakes. Girls tended to have a significantly lower performance intelligence quotient than boys (P < 0.05).Conclusions ALL children with long-term disease-free survival have neurocognitive impairment, which may be associated with the dose of chemotherapeutic drugs, age at diagnosis, and sex.
About author:: 10.7499/j.issn.1008-8830.2017.08.010
Cite this article:
FU Xiao-Yan,XIE Xiao-Tian,ZHAO Yan. Neurocognitive function of children with acute lymphoblastic leukemia and long-term disease-free survival and related influencing factors[J]. CJCP, 2017, 19(8): 899-903.
FU Xiao-Yan,XIE Xiao-Tian,ZHAO Yan. Neurocognitive function of children with acute lymphoblastic leukemia and long-term disease-free survival and related influencing factors[J]. CJCP, 2017, 19(8): 899-903.
Campbell LK, Scaduto M, Sharp W, et al. A meta-analysis of the neurocognitive sequelae of treatment for childhood acute lymphocytic leukemia[J]. Pediatr Blood Cancer, 2007, 49 (1): 65-73.
[5]
Cheung YT, Krull KR. Neurocognitive outcomes in long-term survivors of childhood acute lymphoblastic leukemia treated on contemporary treatment protocols: A systematic review[J]. Neurosci Biobehav Rev, 2015, 53: 108-120.
[6]
Ki Moore IM, Hockenberry MJ, Krull KR. Cancer-related cognitive changes in children, adolescents and adult survivors of childhood cancers[J]. Semin Oncol Nurs, 2013, 29 (4): 248-259.
[7]
Essig S, Li Q, Chen Y, et al. Risk of late effects of treatment in children newly diagnosed with standard-risk acute lymphoblastic leukemia: a report from the Childhood Cancer Survivor Study Cohort[J]. Lancet Oncol, 2014, 15 (8): 841-851.
Jansen NC, Kingma A, Schuitema A, et al. Post-treatment intellectual functioning in children treated for acute lymphoblastic leukemia with chemotherapy-only: a prospective, sibling-controlled study[J]. Eur J Cancer, 2006, 42 (16): 2765-2772.
[17]
Reddick WE, Taghipour DJ, Glass JO, et al. Prognostic factors that increase the risk for reduced white matter volumes and deficits in attention and learning for survivors of childhood cancers[J]. Pediatr Blood Cancer, 2014, 61 (6): 1074-1079.
[18]
Iyer NS, Balsamo LM, Bracken MB, et al. Chemotherapy-only treatment effects on long-term neurocognitive functioning in childhood ALL survivors: a review and meta-analysis[J]. Blood, 2015, 126 (3): 346-353.
[19]
Nolin P, Stipanicic A, Henry M, et al. ClinicaVR: Classroom-CPT: A virtual reality tool for assessing attention and inhibition in children and adolescents[J]. Comput Human Behav, 2016, 59: 327-333.
[20]
Kemper M, Gaschler R, Schwager S, et al. The benefit of expecting no conflict—stronger influence of self-generated than cue-induced conflict expectations on stroop performance[J]. Acta Psychol (Amst), 2016, 163: 135-141.
[21]
Ibragić S, Matak I, Dračić A, et al. Effects of botulinum toxin type A facial injection on monoamines and their metabolites in sensory, limbic and motor brain regions in rats[J]. Neurosci Lett, 2016, 617: 213-217.
[22]
Yasumura A, Kokubo N, Yamamoto H, et al. Neurobehavioral and hemodynamic evaluation of Stroop and reverse Stroop interference in children with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder[J]. Brain Dev, 2014, 36 (2): 97-106.
[23]
Chou TL, Chia S, Shang CY, et al. Differential therapeutic effects of 12-week treatment of atomoxetine and methylphenidate on drug-naïve children with attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder: A counting Stroop functional MRI study[J]. Eur Neuropsychopharmacol, 2015, 25 (12): 2300-2310.
[24]
De Bellis MD, Keshavan MS, Beers SR, et al. Sex differences in brain maturation during childhood and adolescence[J]. Cereb Cortex, 2001, 11 (16): 552-557.
[25]
Buizer AI, de Sonneville LM, van den Heuvel-Eibrink MM, et al. Chemotherapy and attentional dysfunction in survivors of childhood acute lymphoblastic leukemia: effect of treatment intensity[J]. Pediatr Blood Cancer, 2005, 45 (3): 281-290.
[26]
Nahid R, Leila K. Comparison of intelligence quotient in children surviving leukemia who received different prophylactic central nervous system treatments[J]. Adv Biomed Res, 2012, 1: 83.
