Abstract Objective To investigate the risk factors for congenital hypothyroidism (CH) in neonates, and to provide a reference for the prevention of CH. Methods The databases including China Biomedical Literature Service System, China National Knowledge Infrastructure, Wanfang Data, and Weipu Periodical Database, PubMed, Web of Science, Embase, SpringerLink, and Elsevier/ScienceDirect were searched for studies on the risk factors for CH in neonates published up to August 1, 2020. R 3.6.2 and RevMan 5.3 software were used to perform a Meta analysis. Results A total of 20 studies were included, with 13 case-control studies and 7 cross-sectional studies. There were 11 564 neonates in total, with 3 579 neonates in the case group and 7 985 neonates in the control group. The Meta analysis showed that advanced maternal age (OR=2.111, 95%CI: 1.275-3.493), thyroid disease during pregnancy (OR=3.365, 95%CI: 1.743-6.500), gestational diabetes mellitus (OR=2.158, 95%CI: 1.545-3.015), anxiety (OR=3.375, 95%CI: 2.133-5.340), medication during pregnancy (OR=2.774, 95%CI: 1.344-5.725), radiation exposure during pregnancy (OR=3.262, 95%CI: 1.950-5.455), family history of thyroid disease (OR=8.706, 95%CI: 5.991-12.653), low birth weight (OR=2.674, 95%CI: 1.895-3.772), fetal macrosomia (OR=1.657, 95%CI: 1.187-2.315), preterm birth (OR=2.567, 95%CI: 2.070-3.183), post-term birth (OR=2.083, 95%CI: 1.404-3.091), twin pregnancy or multiple birth (OR=3.455, 95%CI: 1.958-6.096), and birth defects (OR=6.038, 95%CI: 3.827-9.525) were risk factors for CH in neonates. Conclusions Advanced maternal age, gestational thyroid disease, gestational diabetes mellitus, anxiety, medication during pregnancy, radiation exposure during pregnancy, family history of thyroid disease, low birth weight, fetal macrosomia, preterm birth, post-term birth, twin pregnancy or multiple pregnancy, and birth defects may increase the risk of CH in neonates.
Wassner AJ. Congenital hypothyroidism[J]. Clin Perinatol, 2018, 45(1):1-18.
[2]
Anastasovska V, Kocova M. Ethnicity and incidence of congenital hypothyroidism in the capital of Macedonia[J]. J Pediatr Endocrinol Metab, 2017, 30(4):405-409.
[3]
McGrath N, Hawkes CP, McDonnell CM, et al. Incidence of congenital hypothyroidism over 37 years in Ireland[J]. Pediatrics, 2018, 142(4):e20181199.
[4]
Shaghaghian S, Rahimi N, Mousavi-Roknabadi RS, et al. Appropriateness of congenital hypothyroidism screening program in Fars province, Iran:a retrospective study from 2005 to 2015[J]. Iran J Med Sci, 2019, 44(3):245-250.
[5]
Barry Y, Bonaldi C, Goulet V, et al. Increased incidence of congenital hypothyroidism in France from 1982 to 2012:a nationwide multicenter analysis[J]. Ann Epidemiol, 2016, 26(2):100-105.e4.
[6]
Jaruratanasirikul S, Piriyaphan J, Saengkaew T, et al. The etiologies and incidences of congenital hypothyroidism before and after neonatal TSH screening program implementation:a study in southern Thailand[J]. J Pediatr Endocrinol Metab, 2018, 31(6):609-617.
[7]
Deng K, He CH, Zhu J, et al. Incidence of congenital hypothyroidism in China:data from the national newborn screening program, 2013-2015[J]. J Pediatr Endocrinol Metab, 2018, 31(6):601-608.
Hashemipour M, Samei P, Kelishadi R, et al. A systematic review on the risk factors of congenital hypothyroidism[J]. J Pediatr Rev, 2019, 7(4):199-210.
Kurinczuk JJ, Bower C, Lewis B, et al. Congenital hypothyroidism in Western Australia 1981-1998[J]. J Paediatr Child Health, 2002, 38(2):187-191.
[24]
Medda E, Olivieri A, Stazi MA, et al. Risk factors for congenital hypothyroidism:results of a population case-control study (1997-2003)[J]. Eur J Endocrinol, 2005, 153(6):765-773.
[25]
Rezaeian S, Poorolajal J, Moghimbegi A, et al. Risk factors of congenital hypothyroidism using propensity score:a matched case-control study[J]. J Res Health Sci, 2013, 13(2):151-156.
[26]
Abdelmoktader AM. Risk factors for congenital hypothyroidism in Egypt:results of a population case-control study (2003-2010)[J]. Ann Saudi Med, 2013, 33(3):273-276.
[27]
Keshavarzian E, Valipoor AA, Maracy MR. The incidence of congenital hypothyroidism and its determinants from 2012 to 2014 in Shadegan, Iran:a case-control study[J]. Epidemiol Health, 2016, 38:e2016021.
[28]
Ahmad A, Wasim A, Hussain S, et al. Congenital hypothyroidism in neonates of a tertiary care hospital[J]. Pak J Med Sci, 2017, 33(5):1269-1272.
[29]
Alimohamadi Y, Taghdir M, Sepandi M. Statistical data analysis of the risk factors of neonatal congenital hypothyroidism in Khuzestan province, Iran[J]. Data Brief, 2018, 21:2510-2514.
[30]
Khammarnia M, Siakhulak FR, Ansari H, et al. Risk factors associated with congenital hypothyroidism:a case-control study in southeast Iran[J]. Electron Physician, 2018, 10(2):6286-6291.
[31]
Persani L, Rurale G, de Filippis T, et al. Genetics and management of congenital hypothyroidism[J]. Best Pract Res Clin Endocrinol Metab, 2018, 32(4):387-396.
Lacroix M, Battista MC, Doyon M, et al. Lower adiponectin levels at first trimester of pregnancy are associated with increased insulin resistance and higher risk of developing gestational diabetes mellitus[J]. Diabetes Care, 2013, 36(6):1577-1583.
Grigoriadis S, Graves L, Peer M, et al. Maternal anxiety during pregnancy and the association with adverse perinatal outcomes:systematic review and meta-analysis[J]. J Clin Psychiatry, 2018, 79(5):17r12011.
[38]
Coussons-Read ME, Okun ML, Nettles CD. Psychosocial stress increases inflammatory markers and alters cytokine production across pregnancy[J]. Brain Behav Immun, 2007, 21(3):343-350.
Juutilainen J. Developmental effects of extremely low frequency electric and magnetic fields[J]. Radiat Prot Dosimetry, 2003, 106(4):385-390.
[42]
Mansour C, Ouarezki Y, Jones J, et al. Trends in Scottish newborn screening programme for congenital hypothyroidism 1980-2014:strategies for reducing age at notification after initial and repeat sampling[J]. Arch Dis Child, 2017, 102(10):936-941.
Andersen SL, Olsen J, Wu CS, et al. Low birth weight in children born to mothers with hyperthyroidism and high birth weight in hypothyroidism, whereas preterm birth is common in both conditions:a Danish national hospital register study[J]. Eur Thyroid J, 2013, 2(2):135-144.
Jiang X, Huang YL, Feng Y, et al. Same-sex twins have a high incidence of congenital hypothyroidism and a high probability to be missed at newborn screening[J]. Clin Chim Acta, 2020, 502:111-115.