目的 探讨早产儿在出生后1年内肠道菌群的动态变化及不同胎龄早产儿肠道菌群的差异。 方法 前瞻性选取2021年1月—2022年9月在深圳市宝安区妇幼保健院就诊的81例早产儿（37例早期早产儿，44例中晚期早产儿）和26例足月儿，采集1、6、12月龄的粪便样本，进行16S rRNA测序，并进行生物信息学分析。 结果 早产儿肠道菌群alpha多样性指标在1、6、12月龄呈逐渐上升趋势（P<0.001）；随着月龄的增加，梭菌属、链球菌属、克雷伯菌属、葡萄球菌属的相对丰度呈下降趋势，而双歧杆菌属、乳杆菌属、拟杆菌属的相对丰度呈上升趋势。在1月龄阶段，不同胎龄组间alpha和beta多样性及物种丰度存在显著差异，梭菌属、气单胞菌属在早期早产儿中富集。在12月龄阶段，不同胎龄组间alpha和beta多样性及物种丰度差异均无统计学意义（P>0.05）。 结论 随着月龄的增加，早产儿的肠道菌群展现出逐渐增加的物种多样性。胎龄越小的早产儿，其肠道内致病菌属的相对丰度越高，但随着月龄的增加，胎龄对肠道菌群的影响逐渐变小。

Objective To investigate the dynamic development of gut microbiota in preterm infants during their first year after birth and to compare the microbiota profiles between preterm infants of different gestational ages. Methods In this prospective study, 81 preterm infants (including 37 early preterm and 44 moderate-to-late preterm infants) and 26 full-term infants were enrolled from Shenzhen Bao'an Women and Children's Hospital between January 2021 and September 2022. Fecal samples were collected at 1, 6, and 12 months of age. 16S rRNA sequencing was conducted, followed by comprehensive bioinformatics analysis. Results The alpha diversity indices of the gut microbiota in preterm infants increased significantly from 1 to 12 months of age (P<0.001). With increasing age, the relative abundances of Clostridium, Streptococcus, Klebsiella, and Staphylococcus decreased, whereas those of Bifidobacterium, Lactobacillus, and Bacteroides increased. At 1 month of age, significant disparities were observed in alpha diversity, beta diversity, and taxonomic abundances among different gestational age groups. Specifically, Clostridium and Aeromonas were enriched in early preterm infants. By 12 months of age, no significant differences in these microbial metrics were detected across the gestational age groups (P>0.05). Conclusions The gut microbiota of preterm infants becomes progressively more diverse during the first year of life. Preterm infants with lower gestational age harbor a higher relative abundance of potentially pathogenic genera in their early gut microbiota. However, the influence of gestational age on microbial composition diminishes over time.