目的 了解晚期早产儿（late preterm infant, LPI）神经心理发育现状及其发育追赶特征，并探讨亲子互动与LPI神经心理发育的纵向关联。 方法 回顾性选取2022年1月—2025年8月于贵阳市妇幼保健院儿童保健科完成矫正12~36月龄定期随访的888例儿童为研究对象，按胎龄分为LPI组（215例）和足月儿组（673例），在矫正12、24和36月龄时采用Gesell发育量表和亲子互动量表评估儿童的神经心理发育及亲子互动水平。采用线性混合效应模型分析亲子互动对神经心理发育的纵向影响。 结果 矫正12月龄时，LPI组语言能区发育迟缓率最高（12.6%，27/215），其次为粗大运动（8.8%，19/215）。矫正12和24月龄时，LPI组所有能区发育商（developental quotient, DQ）均低于足月儿组（P<0.05）。矫正36月龄时，除语言能区外，LPI组和足月儿组其余能区DQ比较差异无统计学意义（P>0.05）。矫正12月龄时，亲子互动得分与LPI组语言DQ（B=0.172）及足月儿组个人-社会DQ（B=0.097）呈正相关（P<0.05）。矫正24月龄时，亲子互动得分与LPI组所有能区DQ均呈正相关（B_适应行为=0.282，B_粗大运动=0.309，B_精细动作=0.227，B_语言=0.448，B_{个人-社会}=0.271，B_总DQ=0.302），与足月儿组粗大运动DQ（B=0.117）、语言DQ（B=0.253）及总DQ（B=0.118）呈正相关（P<0.05）。矫正36月龄时，亲子互动得分仅与足月儿组语言DQ呈正相关（B=0.216，P<0.05）。线性混合效应模型结果显示，亲子互动得分对两组儿童语言（β=0.09）、个人-社会（β=0.08）和总DQ（β=0.04）具有显著正向预测作用（P<0.05），组别×亲子互动的交互项在粗大运动（β=0.10）、语言（β=0.14）和总DQ（β=0.09）上存在正交互效应（P<0.05）。 结论 LPI神经心理发育落后于足月儿，积极的亲子互动可有效促进LPI神经心理发育。

Objective To understand the neuropsychological development status and catch-up characteristics of late preterm infants (LPI), and to explore the longitudinal association between parent-child interaction and neuropsychological development. Methods A retrospective cohort study was conducted on 888 children who completed regular follow-ups at corrected ages of 12 to 36 months at the Department of Child Healthcare of Guiyang Maternal and Child Health Hospital between January 2022 and August 2025. Participants were divided into LPI group (n=215) and full-term group (n=673) based on gestational age. Neuropsychological development and parent-child interaction were assessed at corrected ages of 12, 24, and 36 months using the Gesell Developmental Schedule and the Parent-Child Interaction Scale. Linear mixed-effects models were employed to examine the longitudinal effects of parent-child interaction on neuropsychological development. Results At corrected age 12 months, the LPI group showed the highest rate of developmental delay in the language domain (12.6%, 27/215), followed by gross motor delay (8.8%, 19/215). At corrected ages 12 and 24 months, the DQ scores of all developmental domains in the LPI group were significantly lower than those in the full-term group (P<0.05). By corrected age 36 months, except for language, no significant differences were found between groups in other domains (P>0.05). At corrected age 12 months, parent-child interaction was positively correlated with language DQ in the LPI group (B=0.172) and personal-social DQ in the full-term group (B=0.097) (P<0.05). At corrected age 24 months, parent-child interaction was positively correlated with all DQ domains in the LPI group (B_{adaptive behavior}=0.282, B_{gross motor}=0.309, B_{fine motor}=0.227, B_language=0.448, B_{personal-social}=0.271, B_{total DQ}=0.302). In the full-term group, correlations were found in gross motor (B=0.117), language (B=0.253), and total DQ (B=0.118) domains (P<0.05). At corrected age 36 months, parent-child interaction was positively correlated only with language DQ in the full-term group (B=0.216). Linear mixed-effects models showed significant positive predictive effects of parent-child interaction on language (β=0.09), personal-social (β=0.08), and total DQ (β=0.04) in both groups (P<0.05). Significant interaction effects of group × parent-child interaction were observed for gross motor (β=0.10), language (β=0.14), and total DQ (β=0.09) (P<0.05). Conclusions Neuropsychological development in late preterm infants lags behind that of full-term infants. Positive parent-child interaction effectively promotes neuropsychological development in late preterm infants.