Objective To determine serum anti-Müllerian hormone (AMH) and inhibin-B (INHB) levels in children with Turner syndrome (TS) across different karyotypes, and to assess their value in ovarian reserve assessment. Methods Clinical data of 79 girls with TS (divided into monosomy, mosaic, and other karyotype groups) and 50 healthy girls (control group) were retrospectively analyzed. Differences among groups were compared. Correlations of AMH and INHB with sex hormones, ovarian volume, and spontaneous puberty were analyzed. Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves were used to evaluate the predictive efficacy of AMH and INHB for ovarian reserve function. Results Serum AMH and INHB levels, as well as ovarian and uterine volumes, were significantly lower in the TS group than in the control group (P<0.001), while follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) levels were significantly higher (P<0.001). The mosaic group had significantly higher AMH and INHB levels than the monosomy and other karyotype groups (P<0.05). Girls with spontaneous puberty showed higher AMH and INHB levels than those without (P<0.05). AMH levels were negatively correlated with luteinizing hormone (LH) and FSH (P<0.05), and positively correlated with ovarian volume (P<0.05). The area under the ROC curve of AMH for predicting ovarian reserve function was 0.748 (95%CI: 0.615-0.853, P<0.001), with an optimal cutoff value of 0.225 ng/mL and specificity of 95.5%. The area under the ROC curve of INHB was 0.659 (95%CI: 0.521-0.787, P=0.015). Conclusions Serum AMH and INHB levels in children with TS correlate with karyotype and spontaneous puberty. AMH is a superior indicator for assessing ovarian reserve function in these children.