[1] Liu L, Oza S, Hogan D, et al. Global, regional, and national causes of child mortality in 2000-13, with projections to inform post-2015 priorities:an updated systematic analysis[J]. Lancet, 2015, 385(9966):430-440.
[2] Cantey JB, Wozniak PS, Sánchez PJ. Prospective surveillance of antibiotic use in the neonatal intensive care unit:results from the SCOUT study[J]. Pediatr Infect Dis J, 2015, 34(3):267-272.
[3] Lee JH, Hornik CP, Benjamin DK Jr, et al. Risk factors for invasive candidiasis in infants >1500 g birth weight[J]. Pediatr Infect Dis J, 2013, 32(3):222-226.
[4] Kuppala VS, Meinzen-Derr J, Morrow AL, et al. Prolonged initial empirical antibiotic treatment is associated with adverse outcomes in premature infants[J]. J Pediatr, 2011, 159(5):720-725.
[5] Ting JY, Synnes A, Roberts A, et al. Association between antibiotic use and neonatal mortality and morbidities in very low-birth-weight infants without culture-proven sepsis or necrotizing enterocolitis[J]. JAMA Pediatr, 2016, 170(12):1181-1187.
[6] Cantey JB, Huffman LW, Subramanian A, et al. Antibiotic exposure and risk for death or bronchopulmonary dysplasia in very low birth weight infants[J]. J Pediatr, 2017, 181:289-293. e1.
[7] Lapin B, Piorkowski J, Ownby D, et al. The relationship of early-life antibiotic use with asthma in at-risk children[J]. J Allergy Clin Immunol, 2014, 134(3):728-729.
[8] Saari A, Virta LJ, Sankilampi U, et al. Antibiotic exposure in infancy and risk of being overweight in the first 24 months of life[J]. Pediatrics, 2015, 135(4):617-626.
[9] Stoll BJ, Hansen NI, Sánchez PJ, et al. Early onset neonatal sepsis:the burden of group B Streptococcal and E. coli disease continues[J]. Pediatrics, 2011, 127(5):817-826.
[10] Schrag SJ, Farley MM, Petit S, et al. Epidemiology of invasive early-onset neonatal sepsis, 2005 to 2014[J]. Pediatrics, 2016, 138(6):e20162013.
[11] Fjalstad JW, Stensvold HJ, Bergseng H, et al. Early-onset sepsis and antibiotic exposure in term infants:a nationwide populationbased study in norway[J]. Pediatr Infect Dis J, 2016, 35(1):1-6.
[12] Waters D, Jawad I, Ahmad A, et al. Aetiology of communityacquired neonatal sepsis in low and middle income countries[J]. J Glob Health, 2011, 1(2):154-170.
[13] Hamer DH, Darmstadt GL, Carlin JB, et al. Etiology of bacteremia in young infants in six countries[J]. Pediatr Infect Dis J, 2015, 34(1):e1-e8.
[14] Dong Y, Speer CP. Late-onset neonatal sepsis:recent developments[J]. Arch Dis Child Fetal Neonatal Ed, 2015, 100(3):F257-F263.
[15] Shah J, Jeffries AL, Yoon EW, et al. Risk factors and outcomes of late onset bacterial sepsis in preterm neonates born at <32 weeks gestation[J]. Am J Perinatol, 2015, 32(7):675-682.
[16] Downie L, Armiento R, Subhi R, et al. Community-acquired neonatal and infant sepsis in developing countries:efficacy of WHO's currently recommended antibiotics-systematic review and meta-analysis[J]. Arch Dis Child, 2013, 98(2):146-154.
[17] Putignani L, Del Chierico F, Petrucca A, et al. The human gut microbiota:a dynamic interplay with the host from birth to senescence settled during childhood[J]. Pediatr Res, 2014, 76(1):2-10.
[18] Cox LM, Yamanishi S, Sohn J, et al. Altering the intestinal microbiota during a critical developmental window has lasting metabolic consequences[J]. Cell, 2014, 158(4):705-721.
[19] Giuffrè M, Geraci DM, Bonura C, et al. The increasing challenge of multidrug-resistant gram-negative bacilli:results of a 5-year active surveillance program in a neonatal intensive care unit[J]. Medicine (Baltimore), 2016, 95(10):e3016.
[20] Tsai MH, Chu SM, Hsu JF, et al. Risk factors and outcomes for multidrug-resistant Gram-negative bacteremia in the NICU[J]. Pediatrics, 2014, 133(2):e322-e329.
[21] Polin RA; Committee on Fetus and Newborn. Management of neonates with suspected or proven early-onset bacterial sepsis[J]. Pediatrics, 2012, 129(5):1006-1015.
[22] Caffrey Osvald E, Prentice P. NICE clinical guideline:antibiotics for the prevention and treatment of early-onset neonatal infection[J]. Arch Dis Child Educ Pract Ed, 2014, 99(3):98-100.
[23] Cantey JB. Optimizing the use of antibacterial agents in the neonatal period[J]. Paediatr Drugs, 2016, 18(2):109-122.
[24] Heideking M, Lander F, Hufnagel M, et al. Antibiotic susceptibility profiles of neonatal invasive isolates of Escherichia coli from a 2-year nationwide surveillance study in Germany, 2009-2010[J]. Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis, 2013, 32(9):1221-1223.
[25] Ericson JE, Thaden J, Cross HR, et al. No survival benefit with empirical vancomycin therapy for coagulase-negative staphylococcal bloodstream infections in infants[J]. Pediatr Infect Dis J, 2015, 34(4):371-375.
[26] WHO Guidelines Approved by the Guidelines Review Committee. Pocket book of hospital care for children:guidelines for the management of common childhood illnesses[M]. 2nd edition. Geneva:World Health Organization, 2013:51-54.
[27] Al-Taiar A, Hammoud MS, Cuiqing L, et al. Neonatal infections in China, Malaysia, Hong Kong and Thailand[J]. Arch Dis Child Fetal Neonatal Ed, 2013, 98(3):F249-F255.
[28] Downie L, Armiento R, Subhi R, et al. Community-acquired neonatal and infant sepsis in developing countries:efficacy of WHO's currently recommended antibiotics-systematic review and meta-analysis[J]. Arch Dis Child, 2013, 98(2):146-154.
[29] van Herk W, el Helou S, Janota J, et al. Variation in current management of term and late-preterm neonates at risk for earlyonset sepsis:an international survey and review of guidelines[J]. Pediatr Infect Dis J, 2016, 35(5):494-500.
[30] Verani JR, McGee L, Schrag SJ, et al. Prevention of perinatal group B streptococcal disease-revised guidelines from CDC, 2010[J]. MMWR Recomm Rep, 2010, 59(RR-10):1-36.
[31] Cotten CM. Antibiotic stewardship:reassessment of guidelines for management of neonatal sepsis[J]. Clin Perinatol, 2015, 42(1):195-206.
[32] Benitz WE, Wynn JL, Polin RA. Reappraisal of guidelines for management of neonates with suspected early-onset sepsis[J]. J Pediatr, 2015, 166(4):1070-1074.
[33] Higgins RD, Saade G, Polin RA, et al. Evaluation and management of women and newborns with a maternal diagnosis of chorioamnionitis:summary of a workshop[J]. Obstet Gynecol, 2016, 127(3):426-436.
[34] Escobar GJ, Puopolo KM, Wi S, et al. Stratification of risk of early-onset sepsis in newborns ≥ 34 weeks' gestation pediatrics[J]. 2014, 133(1):30-36.
[35] Kuzniewicz MW, Puopolo KM, Fischer A, et al. A quantitative, risk-based approach to the management of neonatal early-onset sepsis[J]. JAMA Pediatr, 2017, 171(4):365-371.
[36] Carola D, Vasconcellos M, Sloane A, et al. Utility of earlyonset sepsis risk calculator for neonates born to mothers with chorioamnionitis[J]. J Pediatr, 2018, 195:48-52.e1.
[37] Sivanandan S, Soraisham AS, Swarnam K. Choice and duration of antimicrobial therapy for neonatal sepsis and meningitis[J]. Int J Pediatr, 2011, 2011:712150.
[38] Kempley S, Kapellou O, McWilliams A, et al. Antibiotic treatment duration and prevention of complications in neonatal Staphylococcus aureus bacteraemia[J]. J Hosp Infect, 2015, 91(2):129-135.
[39] Carr D, Barnes EH, Gordon A, et al. Effect of antibiotic use on antimicrobial antibiotic resistance and late-onset neonatal infections over 25 years in an Australian tertiary neonatal unit[J]. Arch Dis Child Fetal Neonatal Ed, 2017, 102(3):F244-F250.
[40] Schulman J, Dimand RJ, Lee HC, et al. Neonatal intensive care unit antibiotic use[J]. Pediatrics, 2015, 135(5):826-833.
[41] Leroux S, Zhao W, Bétrémieux P, et al. Therapeutic guidelines for prescribing antibiotics in neonates should be evidence-based:a French national survey[J]. Arch Dis Child, 2015, 100(4):394-398.
[42] Patel SJ, Saiman L. Principles and strategies of antimicrobial stewardship in the neonatal intensive care unit[J]. Semin Perinatol, 2012, 36(6):431-436.
[43] Lee KR, Bagga B, Arnold SR. Reduction of broad-spectrum antimicrobial use in a tertiary children's hospital post antimicrobial stewardship program guideline implementation[J]. Pediatr Crit Care Med, 2016, 17(3):187-193.
[44] Cantey JB, Wozniak PS, Pruszynski JE, et al. Reducing unnecessary antibiotic use in the neonatal intensive care unit (SCOUT):a prospective interrupted time-series study[J]. Lancet Infect Dis, 2016, 16(10):1178-1184.