Abstract Kawasaki disease has become the leading cause of acquired heart disease in children in North America and Japan. The incidence rate of Kawasaki disease varies signifcantly across regions and races. The frst-degree relatives of patients with Kawasaki disease have a signifcantly higher risk of this disease than the general population. This article reviews the onset of familial Kawasaki disease and possible pathogenesis.
Newburger JW, Takahashi M, Burns JC. Kawasaki disease[J]. J Am Coll Cardiol, 2016, 67(14):1738-1749.
[2]
McCrindle BW, Rowley AH, Newburger JW, et al. Diagnosis, treatment, and long-term management of Kawasaki disease:a scientifc statement for health professionals from the American Heart Association[J]. Circulation, 2017, 135(17):e927-e999.
[3]
Dergun M, Kao A, Hauger SB, et al. Familial occurrence of Kawasaki syndrome in North America[J]. Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med, 2005, 159(9):876-881.
[4]
Harnden A, Mayon-White R, Perera R, et al. Kawasaki disease in England:ethnicity, deprivation, and respiratory pathogens[J]. Pediatr Infect Dis J, 2009, 28(1):21-24.
[5]
Holman RC, Christensen KY, Belay ED, et al. Racial/ethnic differences in the incidence of Kawasaki syndrome among children in Hawaii[J]. Hawaii Med J, 2010, 69(8):194-197.
[6]
Uehara R, Yashiro M, Nakamura Y, et al. Clinical features of patients with Kawasaki disease whose parents had the same disease[J]. Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med, 2004, 158(12):1166-1169.
[7]
Sudo D, Nakamura Y. Nationwide surveys show that the incidence of recurrent Kawasaki disease in Japan has hardly changed over the last 30 years[J]. Acta Paediatr, 2017, 106(5):796-800.
[8]
Zhu FH, Ang JY. The clinical diagnosis and management of Kawasaki disease:a review and update[J]. Curr Infect Dis Rep, 2016, 18(10):32.
[9]
Yoon KL. Update of genetic susceptibility in patients with Kawasaki disease[J]. Korean J Pediatr, 2015, 58(3):84-88.
[10]
Uehara R, Yashiro M, Nakamura Y, et al. Parents with a history of Kawasaki disease whose child also had the same disease[J]. Pediatr Int, 2011, 53(4):511-514.
[11]
Gordon CT, Jimenez-Fernandez S, Daniels LB, et al. Pregnancy in women with a history of Kawasaki disease:management and outcomes[J]. BJOG, 2014, 121(11):1431-1438.
[12]
Mori M, Miyamae T, Kurosawa R, et al. Two-generation Kawasaki disease:mother and daughter[J]. J Pediatr, 2001, 139(5):754-756.
[13]
Bruckheimer E, Bulbul Z, McCarthy P, et al. Images in cardiovascular medicine. Kawasaki disease:coronary aneurysms in mother and son[J]. Circulation, 1998, 97(4):410-411.
[14]
Caquard M, Parlier G, Siret D. Family observation of Kawasaki disease:2 cases in sister and brother[J]. Arch Pediatr, 2006, 13(5):453-455.
[15]
Türel Ö, Bornaun H, Hatipoglu N, et al. Kawasaki disease in dizygotic twins in Turkey[J]. J Rheumatol, 2011, 38(8):1812-1813.
[16]
Kraszewska-Glomba B, Kuchar E, Szenborn L. Three episodes of Kawasaki disease including one after the Pneumo 23 vaccine in a child with a family history of Kawasaki disease[J]. J Formos Med Assoc, 2016, 115(10):885-886.
Makino N, Nakamura Y, Yashiro M, et al. Epidemiological observations of Kawasaki disease in Japan, 2013-2014[J]. Pediatr Int, 2018. doi:10.1111/ped.13544.[Epub ahead of print].
[22]
Du ZD, Zhao D, Du J, et al. Epidemiologic study on Kawasaki disease in Beijing from 2000 through 2004[J]. Pediatr Infect Dis J, 2007, 26(5):449-451.
[23]
Chen JJ, Ma XJ, Liu F, et al. Epidemiologic features of Kawasaki disease in Shanghai from 2008 through 2012[J]. Pediatr Infect Dis J, 2016, 35(1):7-12.
[24]
Fujita Y, Nakamura Y, Sakata K, et al. Kawasaki disease in families[J]. Pediatrics, 1989, 84(4):666-669.
[25]
Nagao Y, Urabe C, Nakamura H, et al. Predicting the characteristics of the aetiological agent for Kawasaki disease from other paediatric infectious diseases in Japan[J]. Epidemiol Infect, 2016, 144(3):478-492.
[26]
Chang LY, Lu CY, Shao PL, et al. Viral infections associated with Kawasaki disease[J]. J Formos Med Assoc, 2014, 113(3):148-154.
[27]
Tsai HC, Chang LY, Lu CY, et al. Transmission of acute infectious illness among cases of Kawasaki disease and their household members[J]. J Formos Med Assoc, 2015, 114(1):72-76.
[28]
Yen TY, Lin HC, Hsu YL, et al. Possible infectious etiology among Kawasaki disease patients and their families[J]. J Formos Med Assoc, 2017, 116(3):213.
[29]
Hara T, Nakashima Y, Sakai Y, et al. Kawasaki disease:a matter of innate immunity[J]. Clin Exp Immunol, 2016, 186(2):134-143.
[30]
Wang CL, Wu YT, Liu CA, et al. Expression of CD40 ligand on CD4+ T-cells and platelets correlated to the coronary artery lesion and disease progress in Kawasaki disease[J]. Pediatrics, 2003, 111(2):E140-E147.
[31]
Onouchi Y, Onoue S, Tamari M, et al. CD40 ligand gene and Kawasaki disease[J]. Eur J Hum Genet, 2004, 12(12):1062-1068.
[32]
Wang Y, Wang W, Gong F, et al. Evaluation of intravenous immunoglobulin resistance and coronary artery lesions in relation to Th1/Th2 cytokine profles in patients with Kawasaki disease[J]. Arthritis Rheum, 2013, 65(3):805-814.
[33]
Shrestha S, Wiener HW, Aissani B, et al. Imputation of class I and Ⅱ HLA loci using high-density SNPs from ImmunoChip and their associations with Kawasaki disease in family-based study[J]. Int J Immunogenet, 2015, 42(3):140-146.
[34]
Xie X, Shi X, Liu M. The roles of genetic factors in Kawasaki disease:a systematic review and meta-analysis of genetic association studies[J]. Pediatr Cardiol, 2018, 39(2):207-225.
[35]
Kuo HC, Hsu YW, Lo MH, et al. Single-nucleotide polymorphism rs7251246 in ITPKC is associated with susceptibility and coronary artery lesions in Kawasaki disease[J]. PLoS One, 2014, 9(3):e91118.
[36]
Onouchi Y, Suzuki Y, Suzuki H, et al. ITPKC and CASP3 polymorphisms and risks for IVIG unresponsiveness and coronary artery lesion formation in Kawasaki disease[J]. Pharmacogenomics J, 2013, 13(1):52-59.
[37]
Chang CJ, Kuo HC, Chang JS, et al. Replication and metaanalysis of GWAS identified susceptibility loci in Kawasaki disease confrm the importance of B lymphoid tyrosine kinase (BLK) in disease susceptibility[J]. PLoS One, 2013, 8(8):e72037.
Lin L, Wang SY, Yang SB, et al. Association between the FCGR2A gene H131R polymorphism and risk of Kawasaki disease:a meta-analysis[J]. Genet Mol Res, 2015, 14(2):6256-6264.
[40]
Kuo HC, Chang JC, Kuo HC, et al. Identification of an association between genomic hypomethylation of FCGR2A and susceptibility to Kawasaki disease and intravenous immunoglobulin resistance by DNA methylation array[J]. Arthritis Rheumatol, 2015, 67(3):828-836.
[41]
Lee YH, Bae SC, Choi SJ, et al. Associations between the functional CD40 rs4810485 G/T polymorphism and susceptibility to rheumatoid arthritis and systemic lupus erythematosus:a meta-analysis[J]. Lupus, 2015, 24(11):1177-1183.
[42]
Pamuk ON, Tozkir H, Uyanik MS, et al. PECAM-1 gene polymorphisms and soluble PECAM-1 level in rheumatoid arthritis and systemic lupus erythematosus patients:any link with clinical atherosclerotic events?[J]. Clin Rheumatol, 2014, 33(12):1737-1743.
[43]
Onouchi Y. The genetics of Kawasaki disease[J]. Int J Rheum Dis, 2018, 21(1):26-30.
[44]
Onouchi Y, Suzuki Y, Suzuki H, et al. ITPKC and CASP3 polymorphisms and risks for IVIG unresponsiveness and coronary artery lesion formation in Kawasaki disease[J]. Pharmacogenomics J, 2013, 13(1):52-59.
[45]
Labuda LA, de Jong SE, Meurs L, et al. Differences in innate cytokine responses between European and African children[J]. PLoS One, 2014, 9(4):e95241.
[46]
Kim J, Shimizu C, Kingsmore SF, et al. Whole genome sequencing of an African American family highlights toll like receptor 6 variants in Kawasaki disease susceptibility[J]. PLoS One, 2017, 12(2):e170977.
