Abstract Anti-N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor (NMDAR) encephalitis is a type of newly recognized autoimmune encephalitis which is commonly seen in children, but its precise etiology is still uncertain. To reveal the etiology of anti-NMDAR encephalitis is very necessary for understanding its pathology, and for starting immune-related therapy as early as possible to improve its prognosis. In the initial literature, tumor, especially teratoma is more related with the anti-NMDAR encephalitis. In recent research, its etiology is related to infection and heredity. This article reviews the recognition and variation of the etiology of anti-NMDAR encephalitis.
About author:: [1] Hughes EG, Peng X, Gleichman AJ, et al. Cellular and synaptic mechanisms of anti-NMDA receptor encephalitis[J].J Neurosci, 2010, 30(17): 5866-5875.[2] Weiner AL, Vieira L, McKay CA, et al. Ketamine abusers presenting to the emergency department: a case series[J].J Emerg Med, 2000, 18(4): 447-451.[3] Vitaliani R, Mason W, Ances B, et al. Paraneoplastic encephalitis, psychiatric symptoms, and hypoventilation in ovarian teratoma[J].Ann Neurol, 2005, 58(4): 594-604.[4] Dalmau J, Tuzun E, Wu HY, et al. Paraneop1astic anti-N-m ethyl-D-aspartate receptor encephalitis associated with ovarian teratoma[J].Ann Neurol, 2007, 61(1): 25-36.[5] Florance NR, Davis RL, Lam C, et al. Anti-N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor(NMDAR)encephalitis in children and adolescents[J].Ann Neurol, 2009, 66(1): 11-18.[6] Iizuka T, Sakai F, Ide T, et al. Anti-NMDA receptor encephalitis in Japan: long-term outcome without tumor removal[J].Neurology, 2008, 70(7): 504-511.[7] Titulaer MJ, McCracken L, Gabilondo I, et al. Treatment and prognostic factors for long-term outcome in patients with anti- NMDA receptor encephalitis: an observational cohort study[J].Lancet Neurol, 2013, 12(2): 157-165.[8] 李翔, 陈向军. 抗N-甲基-D-天冬氨酸受体脑炎患者临床特 点分析 [J].中华神经科杂志, 2012, 5(5): 307-311.[9] Dalmau J, Lancaster E, Martinez-Hernandez E, et al. Clinical experience and laboratory investigations in patients with anti- NMDAR encephalitis [J].Lancet Neurol, 2011, 10(1): 63-74.[10] Gable MS, Sheriff H, Dalmau J, et al. The frequency of autoimmune N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor encephalitis surpasses that of individual viral etiologies in young individuals enrolled in the California Encephalitis Project [J].Clin Infect Dis, 2012, 54(7): 899-904.[11] Pruss H, Finke C, Holtje M, et al. N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor antibodies in herpes simplex encephalitis [J].Ann Neurol, 2012, 72(6): 902-911.[12] Wickstrom R, Fowler A, Cooray G, et al. Viral triggering of anti- NMDA receptor encephalitis in a child-An important cause for disease relapse[J].Eur J Paediatr Neurol, 2014, Epub ahead of print.[13] Verhelst H, Verloo P, Dhondt K, et al. Anti-NMDA-receptor encephalitis in a 3 year old patient with chromosome 6p21.32 microdeletion including the HLA cluster [J].Eur J Paediatr Neurol, 2011, 15(2): 163-166.[14] Suzuki H, Kitada M, Ueno S, et al. Anti-NMDAR encephalitis preceded by dura mater lesions[J].Neurol Sci 2013, 34(6): 1021- 1022.[15] Peery HE, Day GS, Dunn S, et al. Anti-NMDA receptor encephalitis. The disorder, the diagnosis and the immunobiology[J].Autoimmun Rev, 2012, 11(12): 863-872.[16] Maramattom BV, Jacob A. N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor encephalitis: a new additon to the spectrum of autoimmune encephalitis[J].Ann India Acad Neurol, 2011, 14(3): 153-157.[17] Hacohen Y, Wright S, Waters P, et al. Paediatric autoimmune encephalopathies: clinical features, laboratory investigations and outcomes in patients with or without antibodies to known central nervous system autoantigens[J].J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry, 2013, 84(7): 748-755.
Hughes EG, Peng X, Gleichman AJ, et al. Cellular and synaptic mechanisms of anti-NMDA receptor encephalitis[J].J Neurosci, 2010, 30(17): 5866-5875.
[2]
Weiner AL, Vieira L, McKay CA, et al. Ketamine abusers presenting to the emergency department: a case series[J].J Emerg Med, 2000, 18(4): 447-451.
[3]
Vitaliani R, Mason W, Ances B, et al. Paraneoplastic encephalitis, psychiatric symptoms, and hypoventilation in ovarian teratoma[J].Ann Neurol, 2005, 58(4): 594-604.
[4]
Dalmau J, Tuzun E, Wu HY, et al. Paraneop1astic anti-N-m ethyl-D-aspartate receptor encephalitis associated with ovarian teratoma[J].Ann Neurol, 2007, 61(1): 25-36.
[5]
Florance NR, Davis RL, Lam C, et al. Anti-N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor(NMDAR)encephalitis in children and adolescents[J].Ann Neurol, 2009, 66(1): 11-18.
[6]
Iizuka T, Sakai F, Ide T, et al. Anti-NMDA receptor encephalitis in Japan: long-term outcome without tumor removal[J].Neurology, 2008, 70(7): 504-511.
[7]
Titulaer MJ, McCracken L, Gabilondo I, et al. Treatment and prognostic factors for long-term outcome in patients with anti- NMDA receptor encephalitis: an observational cohort study[J].Lancet Neurol, 2013, 12(2): 157-165.
Dalmau J, Lancaster E, Martinez-Hernandez E, et al. Clinical experience and laboratory investigations in patients with anti- NMDAR encephalitis [J].Lancet Neurol, 2011, 10(1): 63-74.
[10]
Gable MS, Sheriff H, Dalmau J, et al. The frequency of autoimmune N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor encephalitis surpasses that of individual viral etiologies in young individuals enrolled in the California Encephalitis Project [J].Clin Infect Dis, 2012, 54(7): 899-904.
[11]
Pruss H, Finke C, Holtje M, et al. N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor antibodies in herpes simplex encephalitis [J].Ann Neurol, 2012, 72(6): 902-911.
[12]
Wickstrom R, Fowler A, Cooray G, et al. Viral triggering of anti- NMDA receptor encephalitis in a child-An important cause for disease relapse[J].Eur J Paediatr Neurol, 2014, Epub ahead of print.
[13]
Verhelst H, Verloo P, Dhondt K, et al. Anti-NMDA-receptor encephalitis in a 3 year old patient with chromosome 6p21.32 microdeletion including the HLA cluster [J].Eur J Paediatr Neurol, 2011, 15(2): 163-166.
[14]
Suzuki H, Kitada M, Ueno S, et al. Anti-NMDAR encephalitis preceded by dura mater lesions[J].Neurol Sci 2013, 34(6): 1021- 1022.
[15]
Peery HE, Day GS, Dunn S, et al. Anti-NMDA receptor encephalitis. The disorder, the diagnosis and the immunobiology[J].Autoimmun Rev, 2012, 11(12): 863-872.
[16]
Maramattom BV, Jacob A. N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor encephalitis: a new additon to the spectrum of autoimmune encephalitis[J].Ann India Acad Neurol, 2011, 14(3): 153-157.
[17]
Hacohen Y, Wright S, Waters P, et al. Paediatric autoimmune encephalopathies: clinical features, laboratory investigations and outcomes in patients with or without antibodies to known central nervous system autoantigens[J].J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry, 2013, 84(7): 748-755.
