Abstract Anti-N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor (NMDAR) encephalitis is one of the most common autoimmune encephalitis in children with characterized clinical features. Here we review clinical presentations of typical and atypical anti-NMDAR encephalitis and characteristics of clinical presentations of pediatric anti-NMDAR encephalitis.
About author:: [1] Vitaliani R, Mason W, Ances B, et al. Paraneoplastic encephalitis, psychiatric symptoms, and hypoventilation in ovarian teratoma[J].Ann Neurol, 2005, 58(4): 594-604.[2] Dalmau J, Tüzün E, Wu HY, et al. Paraneoplastic anti-Nmethyl- D- aspartate receptor encephalitis associated with ovarian teratoma[J].Ann Neurol, 2007, 61(1): 25-36.[3] Granerod J, Ambrose HE, Davies NW, et al. Causes of encephalitis and differences in their clinical presentations in England: a multicentre, population-based prospective study[J].Lancet Infect Dis, 2010, 10(12): 835-844.[4] 王晓慧, 方方, 丁昌红, 等. 儿童抗-N-甲基-D-天冬氨酸受 体脑炎七例[J].中华儿科杂志, 2012, 50(12): 885-889.[5] 张欣, 熊晖, 季涛云, 等. 儿童抗N-甲基-D-天门冬氨酸受 体脑炎1 例[J].实用儿科临床杂志, 2012, 27(24): 1903.[6] Dalmau J, Lancaster E, Martinez HE, et al. Clinical experience and laboratory investigations in patients with anti-NMDAR encephalitis[J].Lancet Neural, 2011, 10(1): 63-74.[7] Armangue T, Titulaer MJ, Malaga I, et al. Pediatric anti-N-methyl-Daspartate receptor encephalitis-clinical analysis and novel findings in a series of 20 patients[J].J Pediatr, 2013, 162(4): 850-856.[8] Florance NR, Davis RL, Lam C, et al. Anti-N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor (NMDAR) encephalitis in children and adolescents[J].Ann Neurol, 2009; 66(1): 11-18.[9] Titulaer MJ, McCracken L, Gabilondo I, et al. Treatment and prognostic factors for longterm outcome in patients with anti- NMDA receptor encephalitis: an observational cohort study[J].Lancet Neurol, 2013, 12(2): 157-165.[10] Gable MS, Gavali S, Radner A, et al. Anti-NMDA receptor encephalitis: report of ten cases and comparison with viral encephalitis[J].Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis, 2009, 28(12): 1421-1429.[11] Baltagi SA, Shoykhet M, Felmet K, et al. Neurological sequelae of 2009 influenza A (H1N1) in children: a case series observed during a pandemic[J].Pediatr Crit Care Med, 2010, 11(2): 179-184.[12] Xu CL, Liu L, Zhao WQ, et al. Anti-N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor encephalitis with serum anti-thyroid antibodies and IgM antibodies against Epstein-Barr virus viral capsid antigen: a case report and one year follow-up[J].BMC Neurol, 2011, 11: 149.[13] De Tiège X, Rozenberg F, Portes Des V, et al. Herpes simplex encephalitis relapses in children: differentiation of two neurologic entities[J].Neurology, 2003, 61(2): 241-243.[14] Skoldenberg B, Aurelius E, Hjalmarsson A, et al. Incidence and pathogenesis of clinical relapse after herpes simplex encephalitis in adults[J].J Neurol, 2006, 253(2): 163-170.[15] Prüss H, Finke C, Holtje M, et al. N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor antibodies in herpes simplex encephalitis[J].Ann Neurol, 2012, 72(6): 902-911.[16] Leypoldt F, Titulaer MJ, Aguilar E, et al. Herpes simplex virus-1 encephalitis can trigger anti-NMDA receptor encephalitis: case report[J].Neurology, 2013, 81(18): 1637-1639.[17] Hacohen Y, Deiva K, Pettingill P, et al. N-Methyl-D-aspartate receptor antibodies in post-herpes simplex virus encephalitis neurological relapse[J].Mov Disord, 2014, 29(1): 90-96.[18] Armangue T, Leypoldt F, Dalmau J. Autoimmune encephalitis as differential diagnosis of infectious encephalitis[J].Curr Opin Neurol, 2014, 27(3): 361-368.[19] Aguiar de Sousa D, Lobo PP, Caldas AC, et al. Pure ataxia associated with N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor antibodies[J].Parkinsonism Relat Disord, 2014, 20 (14): 568-569.[20] Outteryck O, Baille G, Hodel J, et al. Extensive myelitis associated with anti-NMDA receptor antibodies[J].BMC Neurol, 2013, 13: 211.[21] Scott O, Richer L, Forbes K, et al. Anti-N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptor encephalitis: an unusual cause of autistic regression in a toddler[J].J Child Neurol, 2014, 29(5): 691-694.
Vitaliani R, Mason W, Ances B, et al. Paraneoplastic encephalitis, psychiatric symptoms, and hypoventilation in ovarian teratoma[J].Ann Neurol, 2005, 58(4): 594-604.
[2]
Dalmau J, Tüzün E, Wu HY, et al. Paraneoplastic anti-Nmethyl- D- aspartate receptor encephalitis associated with ovarian teratoma[J].Ann Neurol, 2007, 61(1): 25-36.
[3]
Granerod J, Ambrose HE, Davies NW, et al. Causes of encephalitis and differences in their clinical presentations in England: a multicentre, population-based prospective study[J].Lancet Infect Dis, 2010, 10(12): 835-844.
Dalmau J, Lancaster E, Martinez HE, et al. Clinical experience and laboratory investigations in patients with anti-NMDAR encephalitis[J].Lancet Neural, 2011, 10(1): 63-74.
[7]
Armangue T, Titulaer MJ, Malaga I, et al. Pediatric anti-N-methyl-Daspartate receptor encephalitis-clinical analysis and novel findings in a series of 20 patients[J].J Pediatr, 2013, 162(4): 850-856.
[8]
Florance NR, Davis RL, Lam C, et al. Anti-N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor (NMDAR) encephalitis in children and adolescents[J].Ann Neurol, 2009; 66(1): 11-18.
[9]
Titulaer MJ, McCracken L, Gabilondo I, et al. Treatment and prognostic factors for longterm outcome in patients with anti- NMDA receptor encephalitis: an observational cohort study[J].Lancet Neurol, 2013, 12(2): 157-165.
[10]
Gable MS, Gavali S, Radner A, et al. Anti-NMDA receptor encephalitis: report of ten cases and comparison with viral encephalitis[J].Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis, 2009, 28(12): 1421-1429.
[11]
Baltagi SA, Shoykhet M, Felmet K, et al. Neurological sequelae of 2009 influenza A (H1N1) in children: a case series observed during a pandemic[J].Pediatr Crit Care Med, 2010, 11(2): 179-184.
[12]
Xu CL, Liu L, Zhao WQ, et al. Anti-N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor encephalitis with serum anti-thyroid antibodies and IgM antibodies against Epstein-Barr virus viral capsid antigen: a case report and one year follow-up[J].BMC Neurol, 2011, 11: 149.
[13]
De Tiège X, Rozenberg F, Portes Des V, et al. Herpes simplex encephalitis relapses in children: differentiation of two neurologic entities[J].Neurology, 2003, 61(2): 241-243.
[14]
Skoldenberg B, Aurelius E, Hjalmarsson A, et al. Incidence and pathogenesis of clinical relapse after herpes simplex encephalitis in adults[J].J Neurol, 2006, 253(2): 163-170.
[15]
Prüss H, Finke C, Holtje M, et al. N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor antibodies in herpes simplex encephalitis[J].Ann Neurol, 2012, 72(6): 902-911.
[16]
Leypoldt F, Titulaer MJ, Aguilar E, et al. Herpes simplex virus-1 encephalitis can trigger anti-NMDA receptor encephalitis: case report[J].Neurology, 2013, 81(18): 1637-1639.
[17]
Hacohen Y, Deiva K, Pettingill P, et al. N-Methyl-D-aspartate receptor antibodies in post-herpes simplex virus encephalitis neurological relapse[J].Mov Disord, 2014, 29(1): 90-96.
[18]
Armangue T, Leypoldt F, Dalmau J. Autoimmune encephalitis as differential diagnosis of infectious encephalitis[J].Curr Opin Neurol, 2014, 27(3): 361-368.
[19]
Aguiar de Sousa D, Lobo PP, Caldas AC, et al. Pure ataxia associated with N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor antibodies[J].Parkinsonism Relat Disord, 2014, 20 (14): 568-569.
[20]
Outteryck O, Baille G, Hodel J, et al. Extensive myelitis associated with anti-NMDA receptor antibodies[J].BMC Neurol, 2013, 13: 211.
[21]
Scott O, Richer L, Forbes K, et al. Anti-N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptor encephalitis: an unusual cause of autistic regression in a toddler[J].J Child Neurol, 2014, 29(5): 691-694.
