Abstract Tuberculosis (TB) is a chronic infectious disease that seriously harms human health and wellbeing. Given its atypical clinical manifestations, TB is hard to be diagnosed in clinical settings; to date no highly sensitive screening approaches are available. Due to the emergence of multidrug-resistant strains of TB (MDR-TB) and limited options for medications in children, the treatment of TB is even more challenging in pediatric patients. This paper aims to comprehensively review the literature on the recent advances in the research on the epidemiology and clinical manifestations of TB, on TB diagnostic approaches (e.g., tuberculin skin test, imaging studies, and laboratory tests), and on TB treatment in children.
Chung HS, Lee JH. Bronchoscopic assessment of the evolution of endobronchial tuberculosis[J]. Chest, 2000, 117(2): 385-392.
[2]
Perez-Velez CM, Marais BJ. Tuberculosis in children[J]. N Engl J Med, 2012, 367(4): 348-361.
[3]
Sohn H, Minion J, Albert H, et al. TB diagnostic tests: how do we figure out their cost?[J]. Expert Rev Anti Infect Ther, 2009, 7(6): 723-733.
[4]
Monteiro R, Carvalho A, Duarte R. New opportunities in tuberculosis control[J]. Eur Respir J, 2012, 39(5): 1271-1273.
[5]
Duarte R, Neto M, Carvalho A, et al. Improving tuberculosis contact tracing: the role of evaluations in the home and workplace[J]. Int J Tuberc Lung Dis, 2012, 16(1): 55-59.
Wood R, Johnstone-Robertson S, Uys P, et al. Tuberculosis transmission to young children in a South African community: modeling household and community infection risks[J]. Clin Infect Dis, 2010, 51(4): 401-408.
[8]
Moyo S, Verver S, Mahomed H, et al. Age-related tuberculosis incidence and severity in children under 5 years of age in Cape Town, South Africa[J]. Int J Tuberc Lung Dis, 2010, 14(2): 149-154.
[9]
Lalvani A, Pareek M. Interferon gamma release assays: principles and practice[J]. Enferm Infecc Microbiol Clin, 2010, 28(4): 245-252.
[10]
Chiappini E, Accetta G, Bonsignori F, et al. Interferon-γrelease assays for the diagnosis of Mycobacterium Tuberculosis infection in children:A literature review[J]. Int J Immunopathol Pharmacol, 2012, 25(3): 557-564.
[11]
Bendayan D, Hendler A, Litman K, et al. The role of interferongamma release assays in the diagnosis of active tuberculosis[J]. Isr Med Assoc J, 2012, 14(2): 107-110.
[12]
National Institute for Health and Clinical Excellence. Clinical Guideline 33, Tuberculosis: clinical diagnosis and management of tuberculosis and measurement for its prevention and control
Ben Selma W, Harizi H, Marzouk M, et al. Rapid detection of immunoglobulin G against Mycobacterium tuberculosis antigens by two commercial ELISA kits[J]. Int J Tuberc Lung Dis, 2010, 14(7): 841-846.
[14]
Bocchino M, Bellofiore B, Matarese A, et al. IFN-γrelease assays in tuberculosis management in selected high-risk populations[J]. Expert Rev Mol Diagn, 2009, 9(2): 165-177.
[15]
胡杰英, 陈冬花, 刘书磊. 红细胞沉降率、抗结核抗体及结 核菌素试验在肺结核诊断中的价值[J]. 现代医药卫生, 2012,[16] Nemeth J, Winkler HM, Zwick RH, et al. Peripheral T cell cytokine responses for diagnosis of active tuberculosis[J]. PLoS One, 2012, 7(4): e35290.
[17]
Steingart KR, Henry M, Ng V, et al. Fluorescence versus conventional sputum smear microscopy for tuberculosis:a systematic review[J]. Lancet Infect Dis, 2006, 6(9): 570-581.
[18]
Connell TG, Zar HJ, Nicol MP. Advances in the diagnosis of pulmonary TB in HIV-infected and HIV-uninfected children[J]. J Infect Dis, 2011, 204 (Suppl 4): S1151-S1158.
[19]
Hatherill M, Hawkridge T, Zar HJ, et al. Induced sputum or gastric lavage for community-based diagnosis of childhood pulmonary TB?[J]. Arch Dis Child, 2009, 94(3): 195-201.
[20]
Nicol MP, Workman L, Isaacs W, et al. Accuracy of the Xpert MTB/RIF test for the diagnosis of pulmonary TB in hospitalized children in Cape Town, south Africa: a descriptive study[J]. Lancet Infect Dis, 2011, 11(11): 819-824.
Fang R, Li X, Hu L, et al. Cross priming amplification for rapid detection of Mycobacterium tuberculosis in sputum specimens[J].J Clin Microiol, 2009, 47(3): 845-847.
[23]
Blakemore R, Story E, Helb D, et al. Evaluation of the analytical performance of the Xpert MTB/RIF assay[J].J Clin Microbiol, 2010, 48(7): 2495-2501.
[24]
Marais BJ. Tuberculosis in children[J]. Pediatr Puhnonol, 2008, 43(4): 322-329.
Almeida LP, Trombone AP, Lorenzi JC, et al. B cells can modulate the CD8 memory T cell after DNA vaccination against experimental tuberculosis[J]. Genet Vaccines Ther, 2011, 9(1): 5.
[27]
Sadeghi-SM, Vesal S, Jabbarpour-BM, et al. Novel RAG2 mutation in a patient with T-B-severe combined immunodeficiency and disseminated BCG disease[J]. J Investig Allergol Clin Immunol, 2009, 19(6): 494-496.
[28]
Sosnik A, Seremeta KP, Imperiale JC, et al. Novel formulation and drug delivery strategies for the treatment of pediatric povertyrelated diseases[J]. Expert Opin Drug Deliv, 2012, 9(3): 303-323.
[29]
Saidemberg DM, Passarelli AW, Rodrigues AV, et al. Shikimate kinase (EC 2.7.1.71) from Mycobacterium tuberculosis: kinetics and structural dynamics of a potential molecular target for drug development[J]. Curr Med Chem, 2011, 18(9): 1299-1310. 28(8): 1144-1146.
