Abstract Food allergen-specific immune tolerance is defined as nonresponsiveness of the adaptive immune system to food antigens. Failed development or inhibition of such tolerance may cause food allergy. With the increasing incidence rate of food allergy year by year, more and more studies have found the association between food allergy and various diseases. The development of food allergen-specific immune tolerance in childhood has been taken more and more seriously. In recent years, many studies have shown that the development of food allergen-specific immune tolerance is influenced by various factors, which can be roughly divided into antigens, organisms, and environment. This article reviews the influencing factors for the development of immune tolerance to food allergens in children, in order to provide help for reducing the incidence of food allergy and improving the prognosis of food allergy.
Gonçalves LC, Guimarães TC, Silva RM, et al. Prevalence of food allergy in infants and pre-schoolers in Brazil[J]. Allergol Immunopathol (Madr), 2016, 44(6):497-503.
[2]
Grabenhenrich LB. The epidemiology of food allergy in Europe[J]. Bundesgesundheitsblatt Gesundheitsforschung Gesundheitsschutz, 2016, 59(6):745-754.
[3]
Strom MA, Silverberg JI. Asthma, hay fever, and food allergy are associated with caregiver-reported speech disorders in US children[J]. Pediatr Allergy Immunol, 2016, 27(6):604-611.
[4]
Jiang X, Shen C, Dai Y, et al. Early food allergy and respiratory allergy symptoms, and attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder in Chinese children:a cross-sectional study[J]. Pediatr Allergy Immunol, 2018, 29(4):402-409.
[5]
Luyt D, Ball H, Kirk K, et al. Diagnosis and management of food allergy in children[J]. Paediatr Child Health, 2016, 26(7):287-291.
[6]
Agyemang A, Feuille E, Tang J, et al. Outcomes of 84 consecutive open food challenges to extensively heated (baked) milk in the allergy office[J]. J Allergy Clin Immunol Pract, 2018, 6(2):653-655.
[7]
Berni Canani R, Nocerino R, Terrin G, et al. Formula selection for management of children with cow's milk allergy influences the rate of acquisition of tolerance:a prospective multicenter study[J]. J Pediatr, 2013, 163(3):771-777.
[8]
Yanagida N, Sato S, Asaumi T, et al. Safety and feasibility of heated egg yolk challenge for children with egg allergies[J]. Pediatr Allergy Immunol, 2017, 28(4):348-354.
[9]
Remington BC, Westerhout J, Campbell DE, et al. Minimal impact of extensive heating of hen's egg and cow's milk in a food matrix on threshold dose-distribution curves[J]. Allergy, 2017, 72(11):1816-1819.
[10]
Watanabe H, Toda M, Sekido H, et al. Heat treatment of egg white controls allergic symptoms and induces oral tolerance to ovalbumin in a murine model of food allergy[J]. Mol Nutr Food Res, 2014, 58(2):394-404.
[11]
Comstock SS, Maleki SJ, Teuber SS. Boiling and frying peanuts decreases soluble peanut (arachis hypogaea) allergens Ara h1 and Ara h2 but does not generate hypoallergenic peanuts[J]. PLoS One, 2016, 11(6):e0157849.
[12]
Bol-Schoenmakers M, Marcondes Rezende M, Bleumink R, et al. Regulation by intestinal γδ T cells during establishment of food allergic sensitization in mice[J]. Allergy, 2011, 66(3):331-340.
[13]
Du Toit G, Roberts G, Sayre PH, et al. Randomized trial of peanut consumption in infants at risk for peanut allergy[J]. N Engl J Med, 2015, 372(9):803-813.
[14]
Bégin P, Dominguez T, Wilson SP, et al. Phase 1 results of safety and tolerability in a rush oral immunotherapy protocol to multiple foods using Omalizumab[J]. Allergy Asthma Clin Immunol, 2014, 10(1):7.
[15]
Zhang W, Sindher SB, Sampath V, et al. Comparison of sublingual immunotherapy and oral immunotherapy in peanut allergy[J]. Allergo J Int, 2018, 27(6):22-30.
[16]
Nachshon L, Goldberg MR, Elizur A, et al. Food allergy to previously tolerated foods:course and patient characteristics[J]. Ann Allergy Asthma Immunol, 2018, 121(1):77-81.
[17]
Ierodiakonou D, Garcia-Larsen V, Logan A, et al. Timing of allergenic food introduction to the infant diet and risk of allergic or autoimmune disease:a systematic review and meta-analysis[J]. JAMA, 2016, 316(11):1181-1192.
[18]
Muraro A, Werfel T, Hoffmann-Sommergruber K, et al. EAACI food allergy and anaphylaxis guidelines:diagnosis and management of food allergy[J]. Allergy, 2014, 69(8):1008-1025.
[19]
Muraro A, Agache I, Clark A, et al. EAACI Food Allergy and Anaphylaxis Guidelines:managing patients with food allergy in the community[J]. Allergy, 2014, 69(8):1046-1057.
[20]
Fleischer DM, Sicherer S, Greenhawt M, et al. Consensus communication on early peanut introduction and prevention of peanut allergy in high-risk infants[J]. Pediatr Dermatol, 2016, 33(1):103-106.
[21]
Zhang GQ, Liu B, Li J, et al. Fish intake during pregnancy or infancy and allergic outcomes in children:a systematic review and meta-analysis[J]. Pediatr Allergy Immunol, 2017, 28(2):152-161.
[22]
Perkin MR, Logan K, Marrs T, et al. Enquiring About Tolerance (EAT) study:feasibility of an early allergenic food introduction regimen[J]. J Allergy Clin Immunol, 2016, 137(5):1477-1486.
[23]
Perkin MR, Logan K, Tseng A, et al. Randomized trial of introduction of allergenic foods in breast-fed infants[J]. N Engl J Med, 2016, 374(18):1733-1743.
[24]
Smith HA, Becker GE. Early additional food and fluids for healthy breastfed full-term infants[J]. Cochrane Database Syst Rev, 2016, (8):CD006462.
[25]
Tham EH, Lee BW, Chan YH, et al. Low food allergy prevalence despite delayed introduction of allergenic foods-data from the GUSTO cohort[J]. J Allergy Clin Immunol Pract, 2018, 6(2):466-475.
[26]
Tham EH, Leung DYM. How different parts of the world provide new insights into food allergy[J]. Allergy Asthma Immunol Res, 2018, 10(4):290-299.
[27]
Koplin JJ, Wake M, Dharmage SC, et al. Cohort Profile:the HealthNuts Study:population prevalence and environmental/genetic predictors of food allergy[J]. Int J Epidemiol, 2015, 44(4):1161-1171.
[28]
Liu X, Hong X, Tsai HJ, et al. Genome-wide association study of maternal genetic effects and parent-of-origin effects on food allergy[J]. Medicine (Baltimore), 2018, 97(9):e0043.
[29]
Sampath V, Sindher SB, Zhang W, et al. New treatment directions in food allergy[J]. Ann Allergy Asthma Immunol, 2018, 120(3):254-262.
[30]
Huang CH, Lin YC, Jan TR. Lactobacillus reuteri induces intestinal immune tolerance against food allergy in mice[J]. J Funct Foods, 2017, 31:44-51.
[31]
Zhang GQ, Hu HJ, Liu CY, et al. Probiotics for prevention of atopy and food hypersensitivity in early childhood:a PRISMA-compliant systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials[J]. Medicine (Baltimore), 2016, 95(8):e2562.
[32]
Berni Canani R, Di Costanzo M, Bedogni G, et al. Extensively hydrolyzed casein formula containing Lactobacillus rhamnosus GG reduces the occurrence of other allergic manifestations in children with cow's milk allergy:3-year randomized controlled trial[J]. J Allergy Clin Immunol, 2017, 139(6):1906-1913.
[33]
Aitoro R, Simeoli R, Amoroso A, et al. Extensively hydrolyzed casein formula alone or with L. rhamnosus GG reduces β-lactoglobulin sensitization in mice[J]. Pediatr Allergy Immunol, 2017, 28(3):230-237.
[34]
Nurmatov U, Devereux G, Sheikh A. Nutrients and foods for the primary prevention of asthma and allergy:systematic review and meta-analysis[J]. J Allergy Clin Immunol, 2011, 127(3):724-733.
[35]
Molloy J, Koplin JJ, Allen KJ, et al. Vitamin D insufficiency in the first 6 months of infancy and challenge-proven IgE-mediated food allergy at 1 year of age:a case-cohort study[J]. Allergy, 2017, 72(8):1222-1231.
[36]
Weisse K, Winkler S, Hirche F, et al. Maternal and newborn vitamin D status and its impact on food allergy development in the German LINA cohort study[J]. Allergy, 2013, 68(2):220-228.
[37]
Bion V, Lockett GA, Soto-Ramírez N, et al. Evaluating the efficacy of breastfeeding guidelines on long-term outcomes for allergic disease[J]. Allergy, 2016, 71(5):661-670.
[38]
Lee EJ, Kim JH, Lee KH, et al. New allergen sensitization might be associated with increased body mass index in children[J]. Am J Rhinol Allergy, 2016, 30(4):124-127.
[39]
Gupta RS, Singh AM, Walkner M, et al. Hygiene factors associated with childhood food allergy and asthma[J]. Allergy Asthma Proc, 2016, 37(6):140-146.
[40]
Osbourn M, Soares DC, Vacca F, et al. HpARI protein secreted by a helminth parasite suppresses interleukin-33[J]. Immunity, 2017, 47(4):739-751.e5.
[41]
PLOS Medicine Staff. Correction:active or passive exposure to tobacco smoking and allergic rhinitis, allergic dermatitis, and food allergy in adults and children:a systematic review and meta-analysis[J]. PLoS Med, 2016, 13(2):e1001939.
[42]
Tan J, McKenzie C, Vuillermin PJ, et al. Dietary fiber and bacterial SCFA enhance oral tolerance and protect against food allergy through diverse cellular pathways[J]. Cell Rep, 2016, 15(12):2809-2824.
[43]
Willemsen LEM. Dietary n-3 long chain polyunsaturated fatty acids in allergy prevention and asthma treatment[J]. Eur J Pharmacol, 2016, 785:174-186.
[44]
Goodwin RD, Rodgin S, Goldman R, et al. Food allergy and anxiety and depression among ethnic minority children and their caregivers[J]. J Pediatr, 2017, 187:1258-264.e1.
