Abstract Objectives To study the serum levels of insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1) and insulin-like growth factor binding protein-3 (IGFBP-3) in children with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) and their association with the core symptoms of ASD. Methods A total of 150 ASD children aged 2-7 years (ASD group) and 165 healthy children matched for age and sex (control group) who were recruited at the outpatient service of Chongqing Health Center for Women and Children were enrolled as subjects. Autism Behavior Checklist (ABC) and Childhood Autism Rating Scale (CARS) were used to evaluate the core symptoms of the ASD children. Chemiluminescence was used to measure the serum levels of IGF-1 and IGFBP-3 in both groups. Results The ASD group had a significantly lower serum level of IGF-1 than the control group (P<0.05). The children with severe ASD had significantly lower serum levels of IGF-1 and IGFBP-3 than those with mild-to-moderate ASD (P<0.001). For the children aged 2-3 years, the ASD group had a significantly lower serum level of IGF-1 than the control group (P<0.05). Boys had a significantly lower serum level of IGF-1 than girls in both ASD and control groups (P<0.05). The serum levels of IGF-1 and IGFBP-3 were negatively correlated with the total score of CARS (r=-0.32 and -0.40 respectively, P<0.001). Conclusions The reduction in serum IGF-1 level in early childhood may be associated with the development of ASD, and the serum levels of IGF-1 and IGFBP-3 are associated with the core symptoms of ASD children.
LI Zheng,XIAO Gui-Yuan,HE Chun-Yan et al. Serum levels of insulin-like growth factor-1 and insulin-like growth factor binding protein-3 in children with autism spectrum disorder[J]. CJCP, 2022, 24(2): 186-191.
LI Zheng,XIAO Gui-Yuan,HE Chun-Yan et al. Serum levels of insulin-like growth factor-1 and insulin-like growth factor binding protein-3 in children with autism spectrum disorder[J]. CJCP, 2022, 24(2): 186-191.
Maenner MJ, Shaw KA, Baio J, et al. Prevalence of autism spectrum disorder among children aged 8 years—autism and developmental disabilities monitoring network, 11 sites, United States, 2016[J]. MMWR Surveill Summ, 2020, 69(4): 1-12. PMID: 32214087. PMCID: PMC7119644. DOI: 10.15585/mmwr.ss6904a1.
Zhou H, Xu X, Yan WL, et al. Prevalence of autism spectrum disorder in China: a nationwide multi-center population-based study among children aged 6 to 12 years[J]. Neurosci Bull, 2020, 36(9): 961-971. PMID: 32607739. PMCID: PMC7475160. DOI: 10.1007/s12264-020-00530-6.
Pennuto M, Pandey UB, Polanco MJ. Insulin-like growth factor 1 signaling in motor neuron and polyglutamine diseases: from molecular pathogenesis to therapeutic perspectives[J]. Front Neuroendocrinol, 2020, 57: 100821. PMID: 32006533. DOI: 10.1016/j.yfrne.2020.100821.
Anlar B, Oktem F, Bakkaloglu B, et al. Urinary epidermal and insulin-like growth factor excretion in autistic children[J]. Neuropediatrics, 2007, 38(3): 151-153. PMID: 17985266. DOI: 10.1055/s-2007-990282.
Mills JL, Hediger ML, Molloy CA, et al. Elevated levels of growth-related hormones in autism and autism spectrum disorder[J]. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf), 2007, 67(2): 230-237. PMID: 17547689. DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2265.2007.02868.x.
Vanhala R, Turpeinen U, Riikonen R. Low levels of insulin-like growth factor-I in cerebrospinal fluid in children with autism[J]. Dev Med Child Neurol, 2001, 43(9): 614-616. PMID: 11570630. DOI: 10.1017/s0012162201001116.
Riikonen R, Makkonen I, Vanhala R, et al. Cerebrospinal fluid insulin-like growth factors IGF-1 and IGF-2 in infantile autism[J]. Dev Med Child Neurol, 2006, 48(9): 751-755. PMID: 16904022. DOI: 10.1017/S0012162206001605.
Vargas DL, Nascimbene C, Krishnan C, et al. Neuroglial activation and neuroinflammation in the brain of patients with autism[J]. Ann Neurol, 2005, 57(1): 67-81. PMID: 15546155. DOI: 10.1002/ana.20315.
9 American Psychiatric Association. Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-5)[M]. 5th ed. Washington: American Psychiatric Publishing, 2015: 31-87.
Guo JY, Zhang YQ, Li Y, et al. Comparison of the difference in serum insulin growth factor-1 levels between chronological age and bone age among children[J]. Clin Biochem, 2021, 96: 63-70. PMID: 34256051. DOI: 10.1016/j.clinbiochem.2021.07.008.
12 Krug DA, Arick JR, Almond PJ. Autism screening instrument for educational planning-third edition[M]. Austin, TX: Pro-ed Inc, 2008.
Poopal AC, Schroeder LM, Horn PS, et al. Increased expression of the PI3K catalytic subunit p110δ underlies elevated S6 phosphorylation and protein synthesis in an individual with autism from a multiplex family[J]. Mol Autism, 2016, 7: 3. PMID: 26770665. PMCID: PMC4712554. DOI: 10.1186/s13229-015-0066-4.
im?ek F, I??k ü, Aktepe E, et al. Comparison of serum VEGF, IGF-1, and HIF-1α levels in children with autism spectrum disorder and healthy controls[J]. J Autism Dev Disord, 2021, 51(10): 3564-3574. PMID: 33389301. DOI: 10.1007/s10803-020-04820-w.
Schilling C, Blum WF, Heuser I, et al. Treatment with antidepressants increases insulin-like growth factor-I in cerebrospinal fluid[J]. J Clin Psychopharmacol, 2011, 31(3): 390-392. PMID: 21532371. DOI: 10.1097/JCP.0b013e3182189d86.
Dyer AH, Vahdatpour C, Sanfeliu A, et al. The role of insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF-1) in brain development, maturation and neuroplasticity[J]. Neuroscience, 2016, 325: 89-99. PMID: 27038749. DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2016.03.056.
Cioana M, Michalski B, Fahnestock M. Insulin-like growth factor and insulin-like growth factor receptor expression in human idiopathic autism fusiform gyrus tissue[J]. Autism Res, 2020, 13(6): 897-907. PMID: 32154665. DOI: 10.1002/aur.2291.
Hyun SE, Lee BC, Suh BK, et al. Reference values for serum levels of insulin-like growth factor-I and insulin-like growth factor binding protein-3 in Korean children and adolescents[J]. Clin Biochem, 2012, 45(1-2): 16-21. PMID: 22032863. DOI: 10.1016/j.clinbiochem.2011.10.003.
Hellstr?m A, Ley D, Hansen-Pupp I, et al. Role of insulinlike growth factor 1 in fetal development and in the early postnatal life of premature infants[J]. Am J Perinatol, 2016, 33(11): 1067-1071. PMID: 27603537. PMCID: PMC5779855. DOI: 10.1055/s-0036-1586109.
Hansen-Pupp I, H?vel H, L?fqvist C, et al. Circulatory insulin-like growth factor-I and brain volumes in relation to neurodevelopmental outcome in very preterm infants[J]. Pediatr Res, 2013, 74(5): 564-569. PMID: 23942554. DOI: 10.1038/pr.2013.135.
Karlberg J, Jalil F, Lam B, et al. Linear growth retardation in relation to the three phases of growth[J]. Eur J Clin Nutr, 1994, 48(Suppl 1): S25-S43; discussion S43-S44. PMID: 8005089.
WANG Hui-Min, LIU Chuan-He, LIU Chang-Shan, WANG Ying, HAN Zhi-Ying, SUN Xin, CHEN Xing, AN Shu-Hua, DUOLIKUN Muzhapaer, LU Ai-Ping, WANG Min, CHENG Yan, YIN Xiao-Mei, LIU Han-Min, WANG Hong, HUA Shan, DONG Li, HUANG Ying, JIANG Yi, XIONG Jian-Xin, DING Sheng-Gang, ZHAO Shun-Ying, WANG Jin-Rong, HUANG Gui-Min, MU Jing-Hui, CHEN Yu-Zhi. Efficacy of Huaiqihuang granules as adjuvant therapy for bronchial asthma in children: a real-world study[J]. CJCP, 2021, 23(9): 877-881.