Abstract Objective To investigate the incidence and mortality rates of preterm infants and the main causes of death. Methods The basic information of preterm infants was collected from their medical records and admission/discharge records to analyze the incidence and mortality rates of preterm infants and the causes of their death. Results There were 76 812 neonates born in the Xuzhou Maternal and Child Health Hospital from January 2006 to December 2016, among whom 5585 (7.27%) were preterm infants. The incidence rate of preterm infants tended to increase over these years (P < 0.001). The overall mortality rate was 5.01% (280/5585), and the mortality rate tended to decrease over these years (P < 0.001). The mortality rate increased with the reductions in birth weight and gestational age (P < 0.001). The top four causes of death in preterm infants were respiratory distress syndrome (44.3%), severe asphyxia (12.9%), neonatal malformation (4.3%), and pulmonary hemorrhage (2.9%) respectively. With the increase in birth weight, there were significant reductions in the constituent ratios of death due to respiratory distress syndrome and severe asphyxia (P < 0.001). Conclusions The incidence rate of preterm infants tended to increase and their mortality rate tended to decrease from 2006 to 2016. The mortality rate of preterm infants is associated with gestational age and birth weight. Respiratory distress syndrome and severe asphyxia are the main causes of death in preterm infants.
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