CJCP
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2016 Vol.  18 No.  5
Published: 2016-05-15
OVERSEAS PEDIATRIC RESEARCH
CLINICAL RESEARCH
CASE ANALYSIS
EXPERIMENTAL RESEARCH
REVIEW
OVERSEAS PEDIATRIC RESEARCH
379 Koravangattu Sankaran, Erin Hedin, Heather Hodgson-Viden
Neonatal end of life care in a tertiary care centre in Canada: a brief report
Objective To describe the processes followed by a neonatal team engaging parents with respect to end of life care of babies in whom long term survival was negligible or impossible; and to describe feedback from these parents after death of their child. Methods A retrospective review was conducted of health records of neonates who had died receiving palliative care over a period of 5 years at a tertiary neonatal centre. Specific inclusion criteria were determined in advance that identified care given by a dedicated group of caregivers. Results Thirty infants met eligibility criteria. After excluding one outlier an average of 4 discussions occurred with families before an end of life decision was arrived at. Switching from aggressive care to comfort care was a more common decision-making route than having palliative care from the outset. Ninety per cent of families indicated satisfaction with the decision making process at follow-up and more than half of them returned later to meet with the NICU team. Some concerns were expressed about the availability of neonatologists at weekends. Conclusions A compassionate and humane approach to the family with honesty and empathy creates a positive environment for decision-making. An available, experienced team willing to engage families repeatedly is beneficial. Initiating intensive care with subsequent palliative care is acceptable to families and caregivers.
2016 Vol. 18 (5): 379-385 [Abstract] ( 4267 ) [HTML 1KB] [PDF 1043KB] ( 1316 )
CLINICAL RESEARCH
386 WANG Li-Li, ZHENG Shou-Yan, REN Luo, XIAO Qiu-Yan, LONG Xiao-Ru, LUO Jian, LI Qu-Bei, DENG Yu, XIE Xiao-Hong, LIU En-Mei
Levels of surfactant proteins A and D in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid of children with pneumonia and their relationships with clinical characteristics
Objective To observe the levels of pulmonary surfactant proteins A and D (SP-A, SP-D) in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) of children with pneumonia, and to explore their relationships with clinical characteristics. Methods Thirty-five children with pneumonia were enrolled in this study. Differential cell counts were obtained by Countstar counting board. The levels of SP-A and SP-D in BALF were detected using ELISA. Results In children with pneumonia, SP-D levels were significantly higher than SP-A levels (P<0.001). SP-D levels were negatively correlated with the neutrophil percentage in BALF (rs=-0.5255, P<0.01). SP-D levels in BALF in children with increased blood C-reactive protein levels (>8 mg/L) were significantly lower than in those with a normal level of C-reactive protein (P<0.05). Compared with those in children without wheezing, SP-D levels in children with wheezing were significantly lower (P<0.01). There was no correlation between SP-A levels and clinical characteristics. Conclusions SP-D levels in BALF are significantly higher than SP-A levels, and have a certain correlation with clinical characteristics in children with pneumonia. As a protective factor, SP-D plays a more important role than SP-A in regulating the immune and inflammatory responses.
2016 Vol. 18 (5): 386-390 [Abstract] ( 3600 ) [HTML 1KB] [PDF 1214KB] ( 791 )
391 LIU Shuai-Shuai, SONG Li-Jun, MENG Fan-Zheng, PENG Li, LIU Yu-Huan
Early predictors of necrotizing pneumonia in children
Objective To investigate the early predictors of necrotizing pneumonia in children. Methods The clinical data of 43 children with necrotizing pneumonia and 83 children with lobar pneumonia were retrospectively analyzed. Sex, age, the number of days with fever, laboratory examination results, and bronchoscopic findings were compared between the two groups. The multiple logistic regression analysis was used to identify the early predictors of necrotizing pneumonia. Results The necrotizing pneumonia group had a higher percentage of girls than the lobar pneumonia group (P<0.05). Compared with the lobar pneumonia group, the necrotizing pneumonia group had a larger number of days with fever, a higher peripheral blood white blood cell count (WBC), a higher percentage of neutrophils (NE%), and higher serum levels of high-sensitivity C-reactive protein (hs-CRP), albumin (Alb), and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) (P<0.05). The necrotizing pneumonia group also had higher percentages of children with a large amount of sputum bolt under a bronchoscope which needed to be removed with biopsy forceps and children with ricewater-like bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (P<0.05). The multiple logistic regression analysis showed that being a female, the presence of sputum bolt under a bronchoscope which needed to be removed with biopsy forceps, the number of days with fever, WBC, hs-CRP, and LDH were independent predictors of necrotizing pneumonia. The receiver operating characteristic curve analysis showed that the cut-off values of the latter 4 predictors were 18.5 d, 15.1×109/L, 121.5 mg/L, and 353.5 U/L, respectively. Conclusions Increased WBC (≥15.1×109/L), increased hs-CRP (≥121.5 mg/L), increased serum LDH (≥353.5 U/L), and the presence of sputum bolt under a bronchoscope which needs to be removed with biopsy forceps and rice-water-like bronchoalveolar lavage fluid may be the early predictors of necrotizing pneumonia in children.
2016 Vol. 18 (5): 391-395 [Abstract] ( 4339 ) [HTML 1KB] [PDF 1255KB] ( 1186 )
396 YU Zhi-Wei, HUANG Song-Ming
Role of serum neutrophil elastase determination in the diagnosis of acute exacerbation of asthma in preschool children
Objective To study the role of serum neutrophil elastase (NE) level in acute exacerbation of asthma in preschool children. Methods A total of 85 preschool children who were diagnosed with asthma between January 2008 and January 2010 were classified into acute exacerbation group (n=44) and non-acute exacerbation group (n=41). Thirty-five children who received physical examination served as the control group. The enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay was used to determine the serum levels of NE and interleukin-8 (IL-8). The receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve was used for NE evaluation. Results Both the acute and non-acute exacerbation groups had higher serum levels of NE and IL-8 than the control group, and the acute exacerbation group had significantly higher serum levels of NE and IL-8 than the non-acute exacerbation group (P<0.05). The serum level of NE was positively correlated with that of IL-8 (r=0.48, P<0.05). With serum NE level >27.73 μg/L as the cut-off value for diagnosing acute exacerbation of asthma, the sensitivity was 65.9%, the specificity was 95.1%, and the area under the ROC curve was 0.87 (P<0.01). Conclusions The determination of serum NE level in preschool children with asthma helps to diagnose the acute exacerbation of asthma.
2016 Vol. 18 (5): 396-399 [Abstract] ( 3707 ) [HTML 1KB] [PDF 1202KB] ( 873 )
400 KE Hua, LI Zhan-Kui, YU Xi-Ping, GUO Jin-Zhen
Efficacy of different preparations of budesonide combined with pulmonary surfactant in the treatment of neonatal respiratory distress syndrome: a comparative analysis
Objective To study the efficacy of different preparations of budesonide combined with pulmonary surfactant (PS) in improving blood gas levels and preventing bronchopulmonary dysplasia (BPD) in preterm infants with neonatal respiratory distress syndrome (NRDS). Methods A total of 184 preterm infants who developed NRDS within 4 hours after birth were randomly administered with PS + continuous inhalation of budesonide aerosol (continuous aerosol group), PS+budesonide solution (solution group), PS + single inhalation of budesonide aerosol (single aerosol group), and PS alone, with 46 neonates in each group. The changes in arterial blood gas levels, rate of invasive mechanical ventilation after treatment, time of assisted ventilation, rate of repeated use of PS, and the incidence of BPD were compared between the four groups. Results On the 2nd to 4th day after treatment, pH, PCO2, and oxygenation index (FiO2/PaO2) showed significant differences among the four groups, and the continuous aerosol group showed the most improvements of all indicators, followed by the solution group, single aerosol group, and PS alone group. The continuous aerosol group had a significantly shorter time of assisted ventilation than the other three groups (P<0.05). The solution group had a significantly shorter time of assisted ventilation than the single aerosol and PS alone groups (P<0.05). The rate of invasive mechanical ventilation after treatment, rate of repeated use of PS, and incidence of BPD showed significant differences among the four groups (P<0.05), and the continuous aerosol group had the lowest rates, followed by the solution group. Conclusions A combination of PS and continuous inhalation of budesonide aerosol has a better efficacy in the treatment of NRDS than a combination of PS and budesonide solution. The difference in reducing the incidence of BDP between the two administration methods awaits further investigation with a larger sample size.
2016 Vol. 18 (5): 400-404 [Abstract] ( 5518 ) [HTML 1KB] [PDF 1276KB] ( 1792 )
405 XU Dan-Dan, WEN Fei-Qiu, LV Rong-Yu, ZHANG Min, CHEN Yun-Sheng, CHEN Xiao-Wen.
Gene promoter methylation in glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase de?ciency
Objective To investigate the features of methylation in the promoter region of glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD) gene and the association between gene promoter methylation and G6PD deficiency. Methods Fluorescent quantitative PCR was used to measure the mRNA expression of G6PD in 130 children with G6PD deficiency. Sixty-five children without G6PD deficiency served as the control group. The methylation-sensitive high-resolution melting curve analysis and bisulfite PCR sequencing were used to analyze gene promoter methylation in 22 children with G6PD deficiency and low G6PD mRNA expression. The G6PD gene promoter methylation was analyzed in 44 girls with normal G6PD mRNA expression (7 from G6PD deficiency group and 37 from control group). Results Twenty-two (16.9%) children with G6PD deficiency had relatively low mRNA expression of G6PD; among whom, 16 boys showed no methylation, and 6 girls showed partial methylation. Among the 44 girls with normal G6PD mRNA expression, 40 showed partial methylation, and 4 showed no methylation (1 case in the G6PD group and 3 cases in the control group). Conclusions Gene promoter methylation is not associated with G6PD deficiency in boys. Girls have partial methylation or no methylation in the G6PD gene, suggesting that the methylation may be related to G6PD deficiency in girls.
2016 Vol. 18 (5): 405-409 [Abstract] ( 3681 ) [HTML 1KB] [PDF 1979KB] ( 890 )
410 HUANG Xin, ZHOU Li, MU Li-Hong, FAN Jie, CAI Yi-Ling
Efficacy of hepatitis B immunoprophylaxis in children at high risk of hepatitis B and risk factors for mother-to-child transmission of hepatitis B virus

Objective To investigate the risk factors for mother-to-child transmission of hepatitis B virus (HBV) and the efficacy of hepatitis B immunoprophylaxis in children at high risk of hepatitis B. Methods A questionnaire survey was performed on 539 HBsAg-positive mothers and their 551 children (aged from 6 months to 5 years) at high risk of hepatitis B. Serum markers of hepatitis B in the children at high risk of hepatitis B were measured. Univariate logistic regression analysis was used to investigate the risk factors for mother-to-child transmission of HBV. Results The rate of hepatitis B vaccination in the children at high risk of hepatitis B was 100%, and 96.6% received injections of hepatitis B vaccine and hepatitis B immunoglobulin (HBIG). The HBsAg positive rate showed no significant differences between different age groups. The HBsAb positive rate gradually decreased with the increasing age (P<0.01). The children born to HBsAg-and HBeAg-positive mothers had a significantly higher hepatitis B infection rate than those born to HBsAg-positive mothers (15.1% vs 0.2%; P<0.01). The high-risk children who received hepatitis B vaccination alone had a significantly higher hepatitis B infection rate than those who received both hepatitis B vaccine and HBIG injections (28.6% vs 2.8%; P<0.01). Conclusions The HBsAb positive rate gradually decreases with the increasing age in children at high risk of hepatitis B. Maternal HBsAg and HBeAg positivity and the absence of HBIG combined with hepatitis B vaccine injections for children at high risk of hepatitis B are the risk factors for mother-tochild transmission of HBV.
2016 Vol. 18 (5): 410-414 [Abstract] ( 3648 ) [HTML 1KB] [PDF 1268KB] ( 1049 )
415 GAN Jing, YE Shao-Lin, LUO Rong, MU De-Zhi, WAN Chao-Min
A visualization study of research papers on childhood tuberculous meningitis in China and abroad over the past decade
Objective To introduce co-word analysis into the analysis of the current research status of childhood tuberculous meningitis, to compare the similarities and differences in research topics of the field in China and abroad over the past decade, and to discover the advantages and weak links in the study field in China. Methods PubMed, CNKI, VIP, and Wanfang Data were searched for the articles which met the inclusion criteria. Ucinet 6.0 and Netdraw were used for co-occurrence analysis, and the co-article relationship between high-frequency key words was visualized. Results A total of 226 articles abroad and 186 Chinese articles on childhood tuberculous meningitis were obtained. The figures for co-occurrence analysis of high-frequency key words in research articles on childhood tuberculous meningitis in China and abroad were successfully plotted. Compared with the studies in China, the studies abroad were more sophisticated and well-developed, with more studies on drug-resistant tuberculosis, the relationship between tuberculosis and AIDS, and the epidemiology of tuberculosis. The key words listed in the studies abroad were more standard. The studies in China on childhood tuberculous meningitis concentrated on vaccination and nursing. Conclusions In general, the studies on childhood tuberculous meningitis in China and abroad have the same directions. The studies abroad have a complicated network and use more standard key words. The studies on childhood tuberculous meningitis are well conducted in China. However, more studies are needed for drug-resistant tuberculosis, the relationship between tuberculosis and AIDS, and the epidemiology of tuberculosis in future.
2016 Vol. 18 (5): 415-420 [Abstract] ( 3574 ) [HTML 1KB] [PDF 3032KB] ( 890 )
421 WANG Yan-Ni, XUE Hong-Li, CHEN Qian
Effects of family cohesion and adaptability on behavioral problems in preschool children
Objective To investigate the effects of family cohesion and adaptability on behavioral problems in preschool children. Methods The stratified cluster multistage sampling method was used to perform a questionnaire survey in the parents of 1 284 children aged 3-6 years in the urban area of Lanzhou, China. The general status questionnaire, Conners Child Behavior Checklist (Parent Symptom Question), and Family Adaptability and Cohesion Scale, Second edition, Chinese version (FACESII-CV) were used to investigate behavioral problems and family cohesion and adaptability. Results The overall detection rate of behavioral problems in preschool children was 17.13%. The children with different types of family cohesion had different detection rates of behavioral problems, and those with free-type family cohesion showed the highest detection rate of behavioral problems (40.2%). The children with different types of family adaptability also had different detection rates of behavioral problems, and those with stiffness type showed the highest detection rate of behavioral problems (25.1%). The behavioral problems in preschool children were negatively correlated with family cohesion and adaptability. Conclusions During the growth of preschool children, family cohesion and adaptability have certain effects on the mental development of preschool children.
2016 Vol. 18 (5): 421-425 [Abstract] ( 3920 ) [HTML 1KB] [PDF 1259KB] ( 843 )
395
2016 Vol. 18 (5): 395-395 [Abstract] ( 1394 ) [HTML KB] [PDF 835KB] ( 335 )
399
2016 Vol. 18 (5): 399-399 [Abstract] ( 1279 ) [HTML KB] [PDF 838KB] ( 331 )
414
2016 Vol. 18 (5): 414-414 [Abstract] ( 1185 ) [HTML KB] [PDF 874KB] ( 335 )
CASE ANALYSIS
426 FENG Li-Fang, CHEN Xiao-Hong, LI Dong-Xiao, DING Yuan, JIN Ying, SONG Jin-Qing, YANG Yan-Ling
Limb torsion and developmental regression for one month after hand, foot and mouth disease in an infant
A one-year-old girl visited the hospital due to limb torsion and developmental regression for one month after hand, foot and mouth disease. At the age of 11 months, she visited a local hospital due to fever for 5 days and skin rash with frequent convulsions for 2 days and was diagnosed with severe hand, foot and mouth disease, viral encephalitis, and status epilepticus. Brain MRI revealed symmetric abnormal signals in the bilateral basal ganglia, bilateral thalamus, cerebral peduncle, bilateral cortex, and hippocampus. She was given immunoglobulin, antiviral drugs, and anticonvulsant drugs for 2 weeks, and the effect was poor. Blood and urine screening for inherited metabolic diseases were performed to clarify the etiology. The analysis of urine organic acids showed significant increases in glutaric acid and 3-hydroxyglutaric acid, which suggested glutaric aciduria type 1, but her blood glutarylcarnitine was normal, and free carnitine significantly decreased. After the treatment with low-lysine diets, L-carnitine, and baclofen for 1 month, the patient showed a significant improvement in symptoms. Hand, foot and mouth disease is a common viral infectious disease in children, and children with underlying diseases such as inherited metabolic diseases and immunodeficiency may experience serious complications. For children with hand, foot and mouth disease and unexplained encephalopathy,inherited metabolic diseases should be considered.
2016 Vol. 18 (5): 426-430 [Abstract] ( 3295 ) [HTML 1KB] [PDF 1322KB] ( 830 )
EXPERIMENTAL RESEARCH
431 LI Yong-Fu, MA Yue-Lan, NIE Ling, CHEN Shuan, JIN Mei-Fang, WANG San-Lan
Establishment and validation of a neonatal pig model of hemolytic jaundice
Objective To establish a neonatal pig model of hemolytic jaundice. Methods Twelve sevenday-old purebred Yorkshire pigs were randomly divided into an experimental group and a control group (n=6 each). Immunization of New Zealand white rabbits was used to prepare rabbit anti-porcine red blood cell antibodies, and rabbit anti-porcine red blood cell serum was separated. The neonatal pigs in the experimental group were given an intravenous injection of rabbit anti-porcine red blood cell serum (5 mL), and those in the control group were given an intravenous injection of normal saline (5 mL). Venous blood samples were collected every 6 hours for routine blood test and liver function evaluation. Results The experimental group had a significantly higher serum bilirubin level than the control group at 18 hours after the injection of rabbit anti-porcine red blood cell serum (64±30 μmol/L vs 20±4 μmol/L; P<0.05). In the experimental group, the serum bilirubin level reached the peak at 48 hours (275±31 μmol/L), and decreased significantly at 96 hours after the injection (95±17 μmol/L), but all significantly higher than that in the control group (P<0.05). At 18 hours after the injection, the experimental group had a significantly lower red blood cell (RBC) count than the control group [(4.58±0.32)×1012/L vs (5.09±0.44)×1012/L; P<0.05]; at 24 hours, the experimental group showed further reductions in RBC count and hemoglobin level and had significantly lower RBC count and hemoglobin level than the control group [RBC: (4.21±0.24)×1012/L vs (5.11±0.39)×1012/L, P<0.05; hemoglobin: 87±3 g vs 97±6 g, P<0.05]. The differences in RBC count and hemoglobin level between the two groups were largest at 36-48 hours. Conclusions The neonatal pig model of hemolytic jaundice simulates the pathological process of human hemolytic jaundice well and provides good biological and material bases for further investigation of neonatal hemolysis.
2016 Vol. 18 (5): 431-434 [Abstract] ( 3857 ) [HTML 1KB] [PDF 1223KB] ( 793 )
435 CHEN Ru-Juan, XI Sha, WANG Fan, XIAO Mi, LIN Xiao-Jie, LIU Li
Screening and validation of long non-coding RNAs in brain tissue of inflammationinduced preterm mice Hot!

Objective To investigate the association between long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) and brain injury in inflammation-induced preterm mice, and to provide a reference for the prevention and treatment of brain injury. Methods An intraperitoneal injection of lipopolysaccharide in pregnant mice was performed to establish a model of inflammation-induced preterm mice with brain injury (preterm group). The full-term mice delivered by normal pregnant mice were used as controls (full-term group). The lncRNA chip assay was used to screen out the lncRNAs associated with brain injury in preterm mice. Quantitative real-time PCR was used to validate the lncRNAs identified by the above method. Results The preterm and full-term groups showed significant differences in the expression of 1 978 lncRNAs (P<0.05), consisting of 786 up-regulated lncRNAs and 1 192 down-regulated lncRNAs, and 29 lncRNAs were 1.5 or more times differentially expressed between the two groups. A further analysis was performed for the 10 most differentially expressed lncRNAs, and the results showed that these lncRNAs were involved in the biological processes including transcription, signal transduction, apoptosis, cell cycle, and inflammatory response, as well as G proteincoupled receptor signaling pathway and neuropeptide signaling pathway. Real-time PCR was performed to validate the expression of two lncRNAs in brain tissue in the preterm and full-term groups, and the results were consistent with those of the chip assay. Conclusions The expression profiles of lncRNAs in brain tissue change significantly in inflammation-induced preterm mice, and the G protein-coupled receptor signaling pathway may be involved in the pathogenesis of preterm brain injury.
2016 Vol. 18 (5): 435-439 [Abstract] ( 3558 ) [HTML 1KB] [PDF 1936KB] ( 796 )
440 SONG Ting-Ting, LI Dan, HUANG Shao-Ping, YANG Lin, WANG Xue-Ying, JIANG Yong-Sheng, LIU Yu
Effects of cyclooxygenase-2 selective inhibitor celecoxib on the expression of major vault protein in rats with status epilepticus
Objective To study the effect of cyclooxygenase -2 selective inhibitor celecoxib on the expression of major vault protein ( MVP) in the brain of rats with status epilepticus and its possible roles in the treatment of refractory epilepsy. Methods Sixty adult male Sprague-Dawley rats were randomly assigned to blank control (n=16), epilepsy model (n=22) and celecoxib treatment groups (n=22). After the status epilepticus was induced in rats by injecting lithium and pilocarpine, each group had 16 rats enrolled as subjects. Immunohistochemical method and Western blot method were used to detect the expression of MVP in the frontal cortex and hippocampus. Results The expression of MVP was significantly higher in the epilepsy model group than in the control group (P<0.01). The expression of MVP in the celecoxib treatment group was significantly decreased compared with the epilepsy model group, but it was still higher than in the control group (P<0.01). Conclusions Celecoxib could decrease the expression of MVP in brain tissue of rats with status epilepticus, suggesting that it is promising for the treatment of intractable epilepsy.
2016 Vol. 18 (5): 440-445 [Abstract] ( 3623 ) [HTML 1KB] [PDF 1902KB] ( 893 )
446 WEN Chun, XIE Gui, ZENG Ping, HUANG Lin-Feng, CHEN Chun-Yuan
Tranilast inhibits myocardial fibrosis in mice with viral myocarditis
Objective To investigate the effect of tranilast on myocardial fibrosis in mice with viral myocarditis (VMC). Methods Male balb/c mice (n=72) were randomly divided into control, VMC and tranilast groups (n=24 each). In the VMC and tranilast groups, the mice were infected with Coxsackie virus B3 (CVB3) to prepare VMC model, while the control group was treated with Eagle's medium. After modeling, the tranilast group was administrated with tranilast [200 mg/(kg.d)] until the day before sampling. On days 7, 14 and 28 after CVB3 or Eagle's medium infection, heart specimens (n=8) were taken and examined after Toluidine blue staining and Nissl staining for counts of mast cells (MC), hematoxylin-eosin staining for myocardial pathological changes, and Masson staining for myocardial fibrosis. The expression of CTGF and type I collagen (Col I) in the myocardial tissue was measured by RT-PCR and Western blot. The correlations of CTGF mRNA expression with MC counts and Col I expression were analyzed. Results The myocardial pathological changes and collagen volume fraction in the VMC group were significantly higher than in the control group at all three time points (P<0.05). Tranilast treatment significantly decreased the myocardial pathological changes and collagen volume fraction compared with the VMC group (P<0.05). The mRNA and protein expression of CTGF and Col I increased in the VMC group compared with the control group, and the increases were reduced with tranilast treatment (P<0.05). The number of MC was positively correlated to CTGF mRNA expression on the 7th day and 14th day (r=0.439, P=0.049) in the VMC group. There were positive correlations between the mRNA expression of Col I and CTGF on the 7th day and 14th day (r=0.646, P=0.007) and the 28th day (r=0.326, P=0.031). Conclusions Tranilast may inhibit the aggregation of MC and down-regulate the expression of CTGF, relieving myocardial fibrosis of mice with VMC.
2016 Vol. 18 (5): 446-454 [Abstract] ( 3802 ) [HTML 1KB] [PDF 4807KB] ( 785 )
455 ZHAO Ke-Ting, LONG Xiao-Ru, LI Wei, XIE Jun, REN Luo, DENG Yu, XIE Xiao-Hong, ZANG Na, WANG Li-Jia, LIU En-Mei
Airway inflammation induced by Poly(I:C) stimulation in the late stage of respiratory syncytial virus infection in mice and its mechanism
Objective To investigate the pathogenic mechanisms of airway inflammation and recurrent wheezing induced by recurrent respiratory virus infection after respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) infection. Methods Sixtyfour female BALB/c mice (aged 6-8 weeks) were randomly divided into four groups: control, RSV, Poly(I:C), and RSV+Poly(I:C) (n=16 each). The bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) was collected on the 3rd day after Poly(I:C) administration, and the total cell number and differential counts in BALF were determined. Hematoxylin-eosin staining was used to observe pulmonary pathological changes. The airway responsiveness was detected. ELISA was used to measure the levels of interferon-γ (IFN-γ), interleukin-4 (IL-4), interleukin-13 (IL-13), matrix metallopeptidase-9 (MMP-9), and tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase-1 (TIMP-1) in BALF. Results Compared with the other three groups, the RSV+Poly(I:C) group had significant increases in the total number of inflammatory infiltrating cells in the airway, airway responsiveness, and MMP-9 level in BALF (P<0.05). The RSV+Poly(I:C) group showed more severe pulmonary tissue injuries compared with the control and RSV groups (P<0.01). Compared with the RSV group, the RSV+Poly(I:C) group showed significant reductions in the levels of IL-4 and TIMP-1 in BALF (P<0.01). Conclusions Viral re-infection in the late stage of RSV infection may cause an imbalance of MMP-9/TIMP-1 expression and thus contribute to aggravated airway inflammation.
2016 Vol. 18 (5): 455-459 [Abstract] ( 3400 ) [HTML 1KB] [PDF 2048KB] ( 721 )
REVIEW
460 WANG Qiao, YANG Yan-Ling
Complex heterogeneity phenotypes and genotypes of glutaric aciduria type 1
Glutaric aciduria type 1 is a rare autosomal recessive disorder. GCDH gene mutations cause glutaryl-CoA dehydrogenase deficiency and accumulation of glutaric acid and 3-hydroxyglutaric acid, resulting in damage of striatum and other brain nucleus and neurodegeneration. Patients with glutaric aciduria type 1 present with complex heterogeneous phenotypes and genotypes. The symptoms are extremely variable. The ages of the clinical onset of the patients range from the fetus period to adulthood. The patients with mild glutaric aciduria type 1 are almost asymptomatic before onset, however, severe glutaric aciduria type 1 may cause death or disability due to acute encephalopathy. Acute metabolic crisis in patients with underlying glutaric aciduria type 1 is often triggered by febrile illnesses, trauma, hunger, high-protein foods and vaccination during a vulnerable period of brain development in infancy or early childhood. The early-onset patients usually have a poor prognosis. Urinary organic acids analysis, blood acylcarnitines analysis and GCDH study are important for the diagnosis of this disorder. Neonatal screening is essential for the early diagnosis and the improvement of prognosis.
2016 Vol. 18 (5): 460-465 [Abstract] ( 4161 ) [HTML 1KB] [PDF 1408KB] ( 1184 )
466 YANG De-Juan, HAN Bo
Roles of interleukin-21 and its receptor in autoimmune diseases
Interleukin-21 (IL-21) is a new member of the interleukin-2 family. It is mainly synthesized and secreted by the activated of CD4+ T cells and natural killer T cells. IL-21 receptor (IL-21R) is mainly expressed in T cells, B cells, and natural killer (NK) cells. After binding to its receptor, IL-21 can regulate the activation and proliferation of T cells, B cells, and NK cells through activating JAKs-STATs signaling pathways. As a new immunoregulatory factor, IL-21 and its receptor play important roles in the development and progression of various autoimmune diseases. Regulation of the expression levels of IL-21 and IL-21R and blocking of their signal transduction pathways with blockers may be new treatment options for autoimmune diseases.
2016 Vol. 18 (5): 466-471 [Abstract] ( 3949 ) [HTML 1KB] [PDF 1534KB] ( 1148 )
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